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nevelah

נְבֵלָה

HebrewH5038carcass, dead body

Appears 48 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Lev 5:2 (3×)Lev 7:24Lev 11:8Lev 11:11Lev 11:24Lev 11:25Lev 11:27Lev 11:28Lev 11:35Lev 11:36Lev 11:37Lev 11:38Lev 11:39Lev 11:40 (2×)Lev 17:15Lev 22:8Deu 14:8Deu 14:21Deu 21:23Deu 28:26Jos 8:291Ki 13:221Ki 13:24 (2×)1Ki 13:25 (2×)1Ki 13:28 (3×)1Ki 13:291Ki 13:302Ki 9:37Psa 79:2Isa 5:25Isa 26:19Jer 7:33Jer 9:22(21)Jer 16:4Jer 16:18Jer 19:7Jer 26:23Jer 34:20Jer 36:30Ezk 4:14Ezk 44:31
Root family
Word studyneh-vay-LAHnoun

What nevelah means

a dead body: the lifeless corpse of an animal or person, treated as unclean

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word names a dead body, but with a sharp edge the plain word "corpse" misses: it is a body that is defiling to touch. In Israel's law a corpse is the most powerful source of ritual uncleanness, and this is the word for it. So the term carries not just death but contamination, and the danger of spreading that contamination to anyone who handles it or eats it.

The same word covers the carcass of an animal and the corpse of a person, because the issue is the same in both: lifeless flesh that the living must keep away from. With animals it usually means one that died on its own or was torn, never properly slaughtered, which is exactly why it is unfit to eat. With people it most often appears in scenes of judgment, where a body is left lying in the open, unburied, as the ultimate disgrace.

From there the word stretches one step further. The prophet Jeremiah calls Israel's idols by this very name: lifeless things, as dead and defiling as a corpse. It is a deliberate insult, branding the gods people trusted as nothing more than dead flesh.

Nuances

1athe carcass of an animal, one that died on its own or was torn rather than properly slaughtered, and so is unclean to touch or eat
Lev 5:2 (3×)Lev 7:24Lev 11:8Lev 11:11Lev 11:24Lev 11:25Lev 11:27Lev 11:28Lev 11:35Lev 11:36Lev 11:37Lev 11:38
1bthe corpse of a person, very often one left lying unburied as a mark of disgrace and divine judgment
Deu 21:23Deu 28:26Jos 8:291Ki 13:221Ki 13:24 (2×)1Ki 13:25 (2×)1Ki 13:28 (3×)1Ki 13:291Ki 13:302Ki 9:37Psa 79:2Isa 5:25
1cfiguratively, an idol called a "carcass": a lifeless, defiling thing, used as an insult against false gods
Jer 16:18

What scholars say about nevelah

The lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat נְבֵלָה as a single noun, "carcass, corpse," derived from the root נבל "to wither, fall, fade," denoting a body fallen lifeless. Its defining feature across the corpus is ritual: a corpse is the paradigmatic source of impurity, and נְבֵלָה is the standard term for it in the priestly purity legislation (Leviticus 11; 17:15; 22:8) and Deuteronomy's dietary code (14:8, 21), where eating or touching it conveys uncleanness. Of animals it typically designates a beast that died naturally or was torn, hence not lawfully slaughtered. Of humans it clusters in judgment oracles where the unburied corpse is the climactic dishonor (Jeremiah 7:33; 16:4; 19:7; 34:20; 1 Kings 13). Jeremiah 16:18 extends the term metaphorically to idols, branding them as defiling "carcasses," a usage the lexica and commentators note as a deliberate polemic. Isaiah 26:19 deploys the plural suffix form within the resurrection imagery, "my dead bodies shall arise."

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. נְבֵלָהlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. נְבֵלָהlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. נְבֵלָהlexicon
  • J. Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16 (Anchor Bible), on the corpse as a source of impuritycommentary

All attested forms of נְבֵלָה

f s construct

נִבְלָתָם, נִּבְלָתָם

Lev 11:8, Lev 11:11, Lev 11:24, Lev 11:27, Lev 11:28, Lev 11:36, Deu 14:8, Isa 5:25

f s absolute

נְבֵלָה, נְּבֵלָה

Lev 7:24, Lev 17:15, Lev 22:8, Deu 14:21, Ezk 4:14, Ezk 44:31, 1Ki 13:24, 1Ki 13:25

f s construct

נִבְלַת

Lev 5:2, Lev 5:2, Lev 5:2, 1Ki 13:29, 2Ki 9:37, Psa 79:2, Jer 7:33, Jer 9:22

f s construct

נִבְלָתוֹ

Deu 21:23, Jos 8:29, 1Ki 13:24, 1Ki 13:28, 1Ki 13:30, Jer 26:23, Jer 36:30

f s construct

נִבְלָתָהּ, נִּבְלָתָהּ

Lev 11:39, Lev 11:40, Lev 11:40

f s construct

נִבְלָתְךָ

Deu 28:26, 1Ki 13:22

f s construct

נְבֵלָתִי

Isa 26:19