StrongerBible

zavaḥ

זָבַח

HebrewH2076sacrifice, slaughter, ...

Appears 134 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 31:54Gen 46:1Exo 3:18Exo 5:3Exo 5:8Exo 5:17Exo 8:8(4)Exo 8:25(21)Exo 8:26(22) (2×)Exo 8:27(23)Exo 8:28(24)Exo 8:29(25)Exo 13:15Exo 20:24Exo 22:20(19)Exo 23:18Exo 24:5Exo 32:8Exo 34:15Lev 9:4Lev 17:5 (2×)Lev 17:7Lev 19:5 (2×)Lev 22:29 (2×)Num 22:40Deu 12:15Deu 12:21Deu 15:21Deu 16:2Deu 16:4Deu 16:5Deu 16:6Deu 17:1Deu 18:3Deu 27:7Deu 32:17Deu 33:19Jos 8:31Jdg 2:5Jdg 16:231Sa 1:31Sa 1:41Sa 1:211Sa 2:131Sa 2:151Sa 2:191Sa 6:151Sa 10:81Sa 11:151Sa 15:15
Root family
Word studyzah-VAKHverb

What zavaḥ means

to slaughter an animal as an offering to a god; to sacrifice.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

At its root this word names a single physical act: killing an animal so that it can be given to a deity. It is not a general word for killing, and it is not a word for burning an offering whole. It pictures the kind of sacrifice that ends in a shared meal, where part of the animal goes to the god and the rest is eaten by the worshippers. That is why the word so often stands close to feasting, vows, and festivals.

The Bible uses the word in two opposite directions, and the difference is not in the act but in who receives it. Done toward the LORD at the place he chose, it is the heart of right worship. Done toward other gods, idols, or local shrines, the very same act becomes Israel's signature sin. The prophets and the historians of the kings keep score with this word: a king who sacrificed to the LORD against one who sacrificed at the high places or to the Baals.

A smaller group of uses drops the religious setting altogether and means simply to slaughter an animal for food. The law that allowed ordinary, non-altar slaughter once Israel spread across the land uses this word for it, treating butchering for the table as a plain, permitted act rather than worship.

Because the word can name both faithful worship and idolatry, the prophets also use it to expose worship that is going through the motions. To sacrifice is good, they insist, only when the heart and the life match the act; otherwise the slaughter counts for nothing.

Nuances

1ato offer sacrifice to the LORD as an act of right worship.
Gen 31:54Gen 46:1Exo 3:18Exo 5:3Exo 8:8(4)Exo 8:25(21)Exo 8:27(23)Exo 8:29(25)Exo 20:24Exo 24:5Lev 9:4Lev 17:5 (2×)
1bto sacrifice to other gods, idols, or at forbidden shrines; the same act turned into idolatry.
Exo 32:8Exo 34:15Deu 32:172Ki 16:42Ki 17:352Ch 28:42Ch 28:232Ch 33:22Psa 106:37Psa 106:38Isa 65:3Ezk 16:20
1cto slaughter an animal for food, apart from any altar or worship.
TranslatabilityPartial
Num 22:40Deu 12:15Deu 12:211Sa 28:241Ki 19:212Ch 18:2Ezk 34:3Ezk 39:17Ezk 39:19

What scholars say about zavaḥ

The standard lexica (HALOT, BDB) and the theological dictionaries treat this as a single verb whose core is slaughtering an animal as a sacrifice, characteristically the communal meal-offering associated with the related noun. The major distinction the sources draw is by recipient: sacrifice to the LORD versus sacrifice to other gods, the latter a recurring marker of apostasy in the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets. The intensive forms (rendered "sacrificing" at the high places in Kings) are iterative or habitual but do not constitute a separate meaning. A minority of occurrences denote ordinary, non-cultic slaughter for food, which the law of centralized worship in Deuteronomy explicitly permits.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. זבחlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. זבחlexicon
  • B. Lang, "זבח zābaḥ," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 4:8-29dictionary
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible (1991)commentary

All attested forms of זָבַח

qal infinitive-construct construct

זְבֹּחַ, זְבּוֹחַ, זְבֹחַ, זָבְח

Exo 8:29, Lev 9:4, Deu 16:5, Jdg 16:23, 1Sa 1:3, 1Sa 1:21, 1Sa 2:19, 1Sa 10:8

qal consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיִּזְבַּח, וַיִּזְבָּחֵ

Gen 31:54, Gen 46:1, Num 22:40, 1Sa 1:4, 2Sa 6:13, 1Ki 1:9, 1Ki 1:19, 1Ki 1:25

qal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיִּזְבְּחוּ

Exo 24:5, Exo 32:8, Jos 8:31, Jdg 2:5, 1Sa 6:15, 1Sa 11:15, 1Ch 15:26, 1Ch 29:21

qal participle m s absolute

זֹבֵחַ, זֹּבֵחַ, זוֹבֵחַ

Exo 13:15, Exo 22:20, 1Sa 2:13, Psa 50:23, Ecc 9:2, Ezk 39:17, Mal 1:14, 1Sa 2:15

piel participle m p absolute

מְזַבְּחִים

1Ki 3:2, 1Ki 8:5, 1Ki 22:43, 2Ki 12:3, 2Ki 14:4, 2Ki 15:4, 2Ki 15:35, 2Ch 5:6

qal participle m p absolute

זֹבְחִים, זֹּבְחִים

Lev 17:5, 1Ki 8:62, 2Ch 7:4, 2Ch 33:17, Ezr 4:2, Isa 65:3, 2Ch 34:4, Zec 14:21

qal imperfect 2mp

תִזְבְּחוּ, תִּזְבָּחוּ, תִּזְבָּחֻ

Lev 19:5, Lev 22:29, 2Ki 17:35, Lev 22:29, 2Ki 17:36, Ezk 34:3, Lev 19:5

qal imperfect 2ms

תִּזְבַּח, תִזְבָּחֶ

Exo 23:18, Deu 12:15, Deu 16:4, Deu 16:6, Deu 17:1, Deu 15:21

qal imperfect 3mp

יִזְבְּחוּ, יִזְבָּחוּ

Lev 17:7, Deu 32:17, Deu 33:19, Hos 8:13, Neh 4:2

qal cohortative 1cp

נִזְבְּחָה

Exo 3:18, Exo 5:3, Exo 5:8, Exo 5:17

qal consecutive-perfect 2ms

וְזָבַחְתָּ

Exo 20:24, Deu 12:21, Deu 16:2, Deu 27:7

piel imperfect 3mp

יְזַבֵּחוּ

Hos 4:13, Hos 4:14, Hos 11:2

qal cohortative 1cs

אֶזְבְּחָה

Psa 27:6, Psa 54:6, Jon 2:9

piel consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיְזַבֵּחַ

2Ki 16:4, 2Ch 28:4

piel perfect 3cp

זִבְּחוּ, זִבֵּחוּ

Psa 106:38, Hos 12:11

qal conjunctive-imperfect 3mp

וְיִזְבְּחוּ

Exo 8:8, Psa 107:22

qal consecutive-perfect 3cp

וְזָבְחוּ

Exo 34:15, Lev 17:5

qal imperative 2mp

זִבְחוּ

Exo 8:25, Psa 4:5

qal imperfect 1cp

נִזְבַּח

Exo 8:26, Exo 8:26

qal participle m p construct

זֹבְחֵי

Deu 18:3, Hos 13:2

piel imperfect 1cs

אֲזַבֵּחַ

2Ch 28:23

piel imperfect 3ms

יְזַבֵּחַ

Hab 1:16

piel infinitive-construct construct

זַבֵּחַ

1Ki 12:32

piel participle f p absolute

מְזַבְּחוֹת

1Ki 11:8

piel participle m s absolute

מְזַבֵּחַ

1Ki 3:3

piel perfect 3ms

זִבַּח

2Ch 33:22

qal consecutive-imperfect 2fs

וַתִּזְבָּחִי

Ezk 16:20

qal consecutive-imperfect 3fs

וַתִּזְבָּחֵ

1Sa 28:24

qal consecutive-perfect 1cp

וְזָבַחְנוּ

Exo 8:27

qal consecutive-perfect 2mp

וּזְבַחְתֶּם

Exo 8:28

qal consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְזָבַח

1Ki 13:2

qal imperative 2ms

זְבַח

Psa 50:14

qal imperfect 1cs

אֶזְבַּח

Psa 116:17

qal perfect 1cs

זָבַחְתִּי

Ezk 39:19

qal perfect 3ms

זָבַח

1Ki 8:63