StrongerBible

zevaḥ

זֶבַח

HebrewH2077sacrifice, offering

Appears 162 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 31:54Gen 46:1Exo 10:25Exo 12:27Exo 18:12Exo 23:18Exo 24:5Exo 29:28Exo 34:15Exo 34:25 (2×)Lev 3:1Lev 3:3Lev 3:6Lev 3:9Lev 4:10Lev 4:26Lev 4:31Lev 4:35Lev 7:11Lev 7:12Lev 7:13Lev 7:15Lev 7:16 (2×)Lev 7:17Lev 7:20Lev 7:29Lev 7:32Lev 7:34Lev 10:14Lev 17:5 (2×)Lev 17:7Lev 17:8Lev 19:6Lev 23:37Num 10:10Num 15:3Num 15:5Num 15:8Num 25:2Deu 12:6Deu 12:11Deu 12:27Deu 18:3Deu 32:38Deu 33:19Jos 22:23Jos 22:26Jos 22:27Jos 22:28Jos 22:29
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeZEH-vakhnoun

What zevaḥ means

a sacrifice: an animal killed as an offering to God whose meat is then eaten in a shared meal of worship

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word names a sacrifice by the one feature that sets it apart from every other kind: the animal is killed, its blood thrown against the altar and its fat burned for God, and then its meat is eaten. A burnt offering (עֹלָה) goes up entirely in smoke and no one tastes it; this is the sacrifice you actually sit down to. The offerer, his family, the priests, and his guests share the meal in God's presence, so the killing is only the means and the meal is the point. That is why the word so often marks a feast that binds people to God and to one another, from Jacob's pact with Laban to the elders eating before God at Sinai.

From that center the word reaches outward. It frequently stands for sacrifice in general, and is paired with the whole burnt offering (עֹלָה) to name the entire system of altar worship at once. The prophets and the Psalms then turn it on its edge, weighing the meat on the altar against the heart of the worshiper and insisting that God wants obedience, mercy, and a humbled spirit more than the offering itself.

The same word also covers, with open disapproval, the sacrifices people make to other gods. The act looks identical and the feast is the same; only the one being honored is wrong. The word itself stays neutral, and the surrounding text tells you whether the sacrifice is faithful or faithless.

Nuances

1athe fellowship sacrifice: the slaughtered offering whose meat the worshiper and his household eat in a shared meal, the kind set out in detail in the law of Leviticus, often a thank offering or the payment of a vow
Lev 3:1Lev 7:11Lev 7:12Lev 7:13Lev 7:15Lev 7:16 (2×)Lev 7:17Lev 7:29Lev 7:32Lev 7:34Lev 7:37Lev 17:5 (2×)
1ba sacrifice offered to the LORD: any slaughtered animal offering of Israel's worship, including the covenant meals that seal a bond, and often summing up the whole sacrificial system at once
Gen 31:54Gen 46:1Exo 10:25Exo 18:12Exo 24:5Exo 34:25 (2×)Num 15:3Num 15:5Num 15:8Deu 12:6Deu 12:11Deu 12:27
1csacrifice weighed against the heart: the offering the prophets and the wise set beside obedience and mercy to say that God values the worshiper's whole life far more than the meat on his altar
1Sa 15:22 (2×)Psa 40:6Psa 51:16Pro 15:8Pro 21:3Pro 21:27Ecc 5:1(4:17)Isa 1:11Jer 6:20Jer 7:21Jer 7:22Hos 6:6
1da sacrifice to other gods: the same slaughtered offering directed to idols or foreign deities instead of the LORD, and condemned for it
Exo 34:15Lev 17:7Num 25:2Deu 32:38Jdg 16:232Ki 10:192Ki 10:24Psa 106:28Isa 57:7Hos 4:19Hos 8:13Hos 9:4

What scholars say about zevaḥ

Standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat the noun as a single word whose root sense is a slaughtered offering eaten in a communal meal, the type specified in Priestly and Holiness texts as the zebach shelamim and rendered in the LXX by thusia. The decisive contrast with the burnt offering (olah, LXX holokautoma) is who eats: only with the zebach does the offerer dine. Levine argues from Akkadian zibu and Phoenician usage for a primary sense "food offering" and a verb "to celebrate a sacred meal," while Milgrom, de Vaux, Anderson, and Lang (TDOT) retain "slaughter" as primary, the slaughter being for the meal. The compound zebach shelamim and the meaning of shelamim are themselves contested (Milgrom's "well-being," Levine's "gift of greeting," Robertson Smith's now-rejected "communion"). The prophetic and wisdom texts that set sacrifice against obedience are read by the dominant view (Kaufmann, Milgrom, Klawans, Eidevall, Andersen-Freedman on Hosea 6:6) as relative, hyperbolic priority-language presupposing the cult, against a minority radical-rejection reading (Wellhausen, Volz, and on Jeremiah 7:22 Holladay).

Where scholars disagree about zevaḥ

Whether the prophetic and psalmic sayings that set sacrifice against obedience, mercy, or a broken spirit (1 Samuel 15:22; Hosea 6:6; Isaiah 1:11-17; Jeremiah 7:21-23; Psalms 40, 50, 51) reject the sacrificial cult outright or only relativize it, condemning sacrifice offered without ethics.

  • majorityRelative critique: the prophets presuppose the legitimacy of the cult and use hyperbolic priority-language; the Hebrew idiom of dialectical negation ("X and not Y" meaning "X more than Y") is at work in Hosea 6:6, and the rhetoric targets empty, unjust worship rather than worship as such. This is the dominant view.; Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible 3 (Doubleday, 1991), pp. 482-89; Yehezkel Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel, trans. Greenberg (Univ. of Chicago, 1960), pp. 366ff.; Jonathan Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple (Oxford, 2006), pp. 75-100; Francis I. Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Hosea, Anchor Bible 24 (Doubleday, 1980), pp. 430-32; Göran Eidevall, Sacrificial Rhetoric in the Prophetic Literature (Edwin Mellen, 2012)
  • minorityRadical rejection: at least some prophets opposed the sacrificial cult in principle as a later accretion, and a saying like Jeremiah 7:22 cannot be softened into mere comparison without doing violence to the text.; Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel, trans. Black and Menzies (A. & C. Black, 1885); William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 1, Hermeneia (Fortress, 1986), pp. 261-62

Whether the root sense of the noun is narrowly "slaughter" (a killing for sacrifice) or more broadly "food offering / sacred meal," which shifts how the word's central meaning is weighted.

  • majorityPrimary sense is slaughter, the killing being for the shared meal; the two poles are not really in tension.; Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible 3 (Doubleday, 1991), pp. 217-25; B. Lang and J. Bergman, "זבח," TDOT 4:8-29
  • minorityPrimary sense is "food offering," with the verb better rendered "to celebrate a sacred meal," argued from Akkadian zibu and Phoenician usage where the term can cover oil and bread offerings.; Baruch A. Levine, In the Presence of the Lord, SJLA 5 (Brill, 1974), pp. 3-52
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. זֶבַחlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. זֶבַח, pp. 256-58lexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), vol. 3, s.v. זֶבַחlexicon
  • B. Lang and J. Bergman, "זבח zābaḥ; זֶבַח zebaḥ," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 4:8-29theological-dictionary
  • Richard E. Averbeck, "זֶבַח," in New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE) 1:1066-1073theological-dictionary
  • Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 1-16, Anchor Bible 3 (Doubleday, 1991), pp. 217-25commentary
  • Baruch A. Levine, In the Presence of the Lord, SJLA 5 (Brill, 1974), pp. 3-52monograph
  • Jonathan Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple (Oxford, 2006), pp. 75-100, 213-45monograph
  • Francis I. Andersen and David Noel Freedman, Hosea, Anchor Bible 24 (Doubleday, 1980), pp. 430-32commentary

All attested forms of זֶבַח

m s construct

זֶבַח, זֶּבַח

Exo 12:27, Exo 34:25, Lev 3:1, Lev 3:6, Lev 4:10, Lev 4:26, Lev 4:31, Lev 7:11

m s absolute

זֶבַח, זָבַח, זָּבַח, זֶּבַח

Gen 31:54, Lev 23:37, Num 15:3, Jos 22:28, Jdg 16:23, 1Sa 2:13, 1Sa 3:14, 1Ki 8:62

m p construct

זִבְחֵי, זִּבְחֵי

Lev 17:5, Num 10:10, Num 25:2, Deu 33:19, Jos 22:23, 1Sa 10:8, 2Ch 30:22, 2Ch 33:16

m p absolute

זְבָחִים, זְּבָחִים

Gen 46:1, Exo 10:25, Exo 18:12, Exo 24:5, 1Sa 6:15, 1Sa 11:15, 1Sa 15:22, 1Ki 12:27

m p construct

זִבְחֵיכֶם

Deu 12:6, Deu 12:11, Isa 1:11, Jer 6:20, Jer 7:21, Amo 4:4

m p construct

זִבְחֵיהֶם, זְבָחֵימוֹ

Lev 17:5, Lev 17:7, Isa 56:7, Ezk 20:28, Hos 9:4, Deu 32:38

m s construct

זִבְחִי, זִּבְחִי

Exo 23:18, Exo 34:25, 1Sa 2:29, Ezk 39:17, Ezk 39:19

m p construct

זְבָחֶיךָ

Deu 12:27, Psa 50:8, Isa 43:23, Isa 43:24

m s construct

זִבְחוֹ, זִּבְחוֹ

Lev 7:16, Exo 34:15

f p construct

זִּבְחוֹתָם

Hos 4:19

m p construct

זְבָחֵינוּ

Jos 22:27

m s construct

זִבְחֲכֶם

Lev 19:6