ginōskō

• The plain word covers every stage and degree of coming to know: a first perception, a gradual dawning, or any new information entering the mind. It does not carry the prefix's force of completeness.Jhn 4:1Rom 7:7
• Carries the intimate relational sense of knowing a person deeply, including the Hebrew idiom of marital union. The strengthened form is rarely used this way.Jhn 10:14Mat 1:25
• Used of God's eternal knowing that precedes any event, a knowing that constitutes sovereign acknowledgment rather than learned information.2Ti 2:19Gal 4:9

• Both describe the Father and Son knowing each other, the deepest possible personal knowledge.Jhn 10:15Mat 11:27
• Both can describe knowing a person by their observable character or fruit, recognizing what someone is like from what they produce.Mat 12:33Mat 7:16

• The compound adds the force of full, exact, or decisive recognition: to identify something or someone precisely, often at a specific moment of acknowledgment.Luk 24:31Act 3:10
• Used for recognizing a face or a person on sight, a concrete visual identification that the plain word rarely specifies.Mrk 6:54Act 12:14
• Describes knowing in the sense of fully acknowledging or owning something, as when Paul says he will know even as he has been known, pointing to complete mutual recognition.1Co 13:12

• This is the verb: the act of coming to know, perceiving, or recognizing something as it happens, rather than a body of knowledge one holds.Mrk 5:29Luk 1:34
• It often means knowing a person personally and being known in return, a mutual relationship rather than information.Jhn 10:14Jhn 17:31Jn 4:7
• It can describe figuring something out or discerning the truth of a situation, the mind working toward a conclusion.Mat 24:32Luk 7:39

• Both reach toward truly apprehending God and the truth of the gospel, the verb as the personal act of knowing and the noun as the resulting grasp of it.Jhn 17:32Co 4:6
• They meet in one verse where Paul prays the readers would know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, the act of knowing aimed at what mere knowledge cannot exhaust.Eph 3:19

• This is the noun: knowledge as a possession or content that a person can have, give, gain, or lack.Rom 15:141Co 1:52Pe 3:18
• It is named alongside other gifts and virtues, treated as one item in a list of things believers receive or pursue.1Co 12:82Co 6:62Pe 1:5
• As a possession it can be empty, misused, or a source of pride, swelling a person with self-importance while love builds up.1Co 8:11Co 13:21Ti 6:20

• Purely mental knowing: to perceive, realize, or come to understand a fact, often something previously hidden or unrecognized. No sensory contact is in view.Mat 24:32Luk 12:39Eph 5:5
• Relational and intimate knowing between persons: the mutual acquaintance of God and his people, and the idiom for sexual union. The word takes a person as its object in a way "taste" never does.Jhn 10:141Jn 4:8Mat 1:25

• Both can rise from a surface act to firsthand, personal experience: apprehending something for oneself rather than by hearsay. "Taste" reaches for God's goodness or the heavenly gift experienced directly, and "know" reaches for Christ apprehended by lived acquaintance rather than mere report.1Pe 2:3Php 3:10

• The literal, bodily sense: to perceive flavor with the mouth, to eat or drink a portion of something. This is the sensory core that "know" never carries.Mat 27:34Jhn 2:9Col 2:21
• The fixed figure "to taste death": to personally undergo dying, to meet it in one's own body. The word lends itself to this idiom of passing through an experience to the full; "know" is never used this way.Mat 16:28Mrk 9:1Heb 2:9

• Names the subject's own state of knowing, not an act of telling someone else. It covers recognizing, perceiving, or coming to understand something for oneself, including intimate personal experience.Mat 1:25Luk 1:34
• Can describe bodily or inward perception, feeling a fact to be true rather than being informed of it by someone else.Mrk 5:29
• Is used for knowing a person, recognizing who someone truly is, not simply learning a fact about them.Mat 7:23Luk 10:22

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• Is causative: it means to make a fact known to someone else, not merely to know it oneself. It always has an implied or stated audience being informed.Eph 1:9Col 1:27
• Is the standard verb for God disclosing something previously hidden, especially a mystery revealed by God's own initiative rather than discovered by human effort.Rom 9:22Eph 3:3
• Also covers the ordinary act of reporting or informing someone of something, with no sense of hidden mystery at all.Php 4:62Co 8:1

• names the act of knowing itself, the mind or senses coming to grasp a fact that was not grasped before.Mrk 5:29Mat 24:32
• reaches to personal, experiential knowing of someone: recognizing a person or being intimate with them, not merely knowing a fact about them.Mat 7:23Luk 1:34

• both describe a hidden thing coming into public recognition; the passive of the verb overlaps the adjective, as knowledge that becomes known among people.Mat 10:26Act 9:42

• describes the settled state of being known: a truth or a person that has become recognized, or is formally declared made known to others.Jhn 18:15Act 13:38
• carries a derived noun sense the verb never has, a person one knows: an acquaintance.Luk 2:44Luk 23:49

• Names knowing as something that comes about: coming to recognize, finding out, or learning what was not grasped before. The knowing has a starting point.Mrk 5:29Jhn 4:1Mat 16:8
• Used for knowing a person through relationship and mutual acknowledgment, the deep familiarity of one party recognizing another.Jhn 10:14Jhn 10:27
• Carries a future or ongoing edge: you will come to know, people will recognize, the truth will be made known. It moves toward a knowledge not yet held.Jhn 8:32Jhn 13:35

• Both render knowing God, and the new-covenant promise sets them side by side: no one will need to be told to come to know the Lord, because everyone will already know him.Heb 8:11
• Both render knowing what sin is, the two words standing in one sentence with no real gap between them: apart from the law one would not have come to know sin, nor would have had any awareness of covetousness.Rom 7:7

• Names knowing as a settled state already in hand: simply having a fact or a person in mind, with no sense of how it was learned.Mat 27:18Jhn 18:2
• The same form regularly means physical seeing, taking something in with the eyes, a use the other word does not carry.Mat 2:11Mrk 1:10
• Settles a matter as already established without any process behind it, the bare fact a person simply holds in mind.Jhn 6:6Jhn 13:11

• Marks the moment of coming to know: learning, finding out, or ascertaining something not known before, not just holding a fact already.Mrk 5:43Luk 8:46
• Covers knowing a person intimately, including the plain euphemism for sexual relations, a shade the other word never carries.Mat 1:25Luk 1:34
• Means to perceive or discern a situation from what one observes, seeing through to what is really going on.Mat 12:15Mrk 12:12

• Both can mean simply to know a person, and here they stand side by side with no real difference: the evil spirit says it knows Jesus and knows Paul, one verb for each.Act 19:15

• Foregrounds grasping the sense of what is said or done, understanding the meaning rather than merely being aware of the fact.Mrk 14:681Ti 6:4Jud 1:10
• Presents knowledge as settled, thorough acquaintance already possessed, the firsthand familiarity a speaker appeals to with "you yourselves know full well."Act 10:28Act 20:18Act 15:7

• It is the ordinary, all-purpose verb for knowing, covering personal acquaintance with someone and not just facts. Jesus says of the workers he rejects, "I never knew you," meaning he had no relationship with them.Mat 7:23
• It can name knowing gained by experience and intimacy, including the marriage relationship. Mary asks how she can bear a child since she has not known a man.Luk 1:34
• It often means simply to recognize or perceive a fact or a sign, with no sense of effort or struggle. From the fig tree's tender branch you know that summer is near.Mat 24:32Mat 16:3
• It carries the idea of knowing the truth itself, a settled understanding that can set a person free. The truth you know will make you free.Jhn 8:32

• Both can describe coming to understand or perceive something. For knowing, this is the everyday meaning of the broad word; for grasping, it is a vivid picture of the mind taking firm hold of a realization.Mat 12:7Act 4:13Eph 3:18

• Its root sense is physical: to seize, lay hold of, and take something into your grip. An evil spirit seizes a boy and throws him down.Mrk 9:18
• It can mean to chase down and lay hold of a goal you are straining after, like a runner reaching for the prize. Paul presses on to take hold of that for which Christ took hold of him.Php 3:121Co 9:24
• It pictures something overtaking and overpowering a person, the way darkness closes in on a traveler. Jesus warns the people to walk while they have the light, so that darkness does not overtake them.Jhn 12:351Th 5:4
• It is the word for catching someone in the very act of wrongdoing. The woman is brought to Jesus after being caught in adultery.Jhn 8:3Jhn 8:4

• Covers personal, experiential acquaintance with someone, up to the intimacy of a husband knowing his wife, a relational knowing that has nothing to do with grasping a meaning.Mat 1:25
• Names coming to perceive or recognize a fact by observation or experience, learning that something is so.Mat 12:15Mrk 5:29

• Both describe grasping (or failing to grasp) the mysteries of the kingdom and Jesus' words, and the Gospels pair them to express a complete lack of comprehension.Luk 8:10Mrk 8:17

• Means grasping the sense of a saying, parable, or teaching, putting the pieces together so their point lands.Mat 13:51Mat 17:13Luk 24:45
• Carries moral and spiritual insight: discerning God's will or ways, the kind of understanding people can lack even while knowing many facts.Rom 3:11Eph 5:17