StrongerBible

tsamat

צָמַת

HebrewH6789destroy, exterminate, ...

Appears 15 times · tap a cell to see the verses

2Sa 22:41Job 6:17Job 23:17Psa 18:40(41)Psa 54:5(7)Psa 69:4(5)Psa 73:27Psa 88:16(17)Psa 94:23 (2×)Psa 101:5Psa 101:8Psa 119:139Psa 143:12Lam 3:53
Root family
Word studytsah-MAHTverb

What tsamat means

to put a final end to someone or something: to destroy, exterminate, wipe out

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

This verb is about finality. It does not describe wounding or damaging something but bringing a person, a people, or a life to a decisive and total end. In the Psalms it is overwhelmingly a word of judgment: God puts an end to the wicked, or the one praying asks God to put an end to enemies who would otherwise put an end to him.

A handful of times the action runs the other way, and something is brought to an end rather than doing the ending. Desert streams "vanish" when the heat comes, and a sufferer speaks of his life being cut off in a pit. The difference is only active versus passive; the core idea of a complete stop stays the same.

Because the word names the result (a definitive end) rather than the manner of it, it sits close to several other strong verbs. It overlaps with שָׁמַד, which stresses wiping out a whole group, with כָּרַת, the ordinary word for cutting off, and with כָּלָה, which pictures something used up until it is finished. What sets this verb apart is its narrow focus on a final, total stop, with nothing left over.

Nuances

1ato destroy or exterminate: to bring an enemy, the wicked, or a life to a final end
2Sa 22:41Psa 18:40(41)Psa 54:5(7)Psa 69:4(5)Psa 73:27Psa 88:16(17)Psa 94:23 (2×)Psa 101:5Psa 101:8Psa 119:139Psa 143:12Lam 3:53
1bto be brought to an end: to vanish, dry up, or be cut off
Job 6:17Job 23:17

What scholars say about tsamat

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) agree on a core sense "put an end to, exterminate, annihilate," attested across the qal, niphal, piel, and hiphil stems. The hiphil dominates and is transitive (God or the psalmist exterminating enemies and the wicked); the niphal is passive/intransitive (Job 6:17, of wadis that dry up and disappear). The most discussed occurrence is the niphal of Job 23:17, where interpreters divide between "be cut off/annihilated" and, appealing to an Arabic cognate ṣamata "to be silent," "be silenced"; both readings preserve a sense of decisive cessation, and the majority follow the destruction sense. The verb is concentrated in the Psalter's imprecatory and thanksgiving language, overlapping the wider destruction vocabulary (שׁמד, כרת, אבד, כלה) while retaining a narrower nuance of complete termination.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. צמתlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. צמתlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. צמתlexicon

All attested forms of צָמַת

hiphil imperfect 1cs

אַצְמִית, אַצְמִיתֵ

Psa 101:5, Psa 101:8, Psa 18:40

hiphil imperfect 3ms

יַצְמִיתֵ

Psa 94:23, Psa 94:23

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 1cs

וָאַצְמִיתֵ

2Sa 22:41

hiphil imperative 2ms

הַצְמִיתֵ

Psa 54:5

hiphil imperfect 2ms

תַּצְמִית

Psa 143:12

hiphil participle m p construct

מַצְמִיתַ

Psa 69:4

hiphil perfect 2ms

הִצְמַתָּה

Psa 73:27

niphal perfect 1cs

נִצְמַתִּי

Job 23:17

niphal perfect 3cp

נִצְמָתוּ

Job 6:17

piel perfect 3cp

צִמְּתוּתֻ

Psa 88:16

piel perfect 3fs

צִמְּתַתְ

Psa 119:139

qal perfect 3cp

צָמְתוּ

Lam 3:53