to learn: to gain knowledge, understanding, skill, or a settled practice, whether by being taught, by finding out, or by experience
This is the ordinary Greek word for learning, the exact partner of the word for teaching. What ties its uses together is a single movement: something a person did not have before is taken in and made their own. The word does not fix in advance how that happens, so the New Testament uses it across the whole range of how people come to know things.
Most often it means being taught: sitting under an instructor, receiving a body of teaching, being schooled. From there it stretches naturally in a few directions. It can mean grasping the point of a saying, a parable, or a sign, the way we say "learn the lesson." It can mean taking up a habit or practice until it becomes second nature, for good or ill. It can mean coming to know something firsthand through what a person lives through. And it can simply mean finding out a fact by asking.
Because the related noun for a disciple is built on this verb, several passages give the plain word a deeper weight: to learn is not only to store up information but to be shaped by a teacher and a way of life. That fuller sense is carried by the setting, not by the word on its own, but it is why learning in these writers so often reaches past the head into how a person actually lives.