StrongerBible

shiqquts

שִׁקּוּץ

HebrewH8251abomination, idol, ...

Appears 28 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Deu 29:17(16)1Ki 11:51Ki 11:7 (2×)2Ki 23:13 (2×)2Ki 23:242Ch 15:8Isa 66:3Jer 4:1Jer 7:30Jer 13:27Jer 16:18Jer 32:34Ezk 5:11Ezk 7:20Ezk 11:18Ezk 11:21Ezk 20:7Ezk 20:8Ezk 20:30Ezk 37:23Dan 9:27Dan 11:31Dan 12:11Hos 9:10Nam 3:6Zec 9:7
Root family
Word studyshik-KOOTSnoun

What shiqquts means

a detestable thing: something felt as revolting, above all an idol or the equipment of pagan worship that God loathes

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This is a word of strong disgust. It names a thing that turns the stomach, and in the Hebrew Bible that thing is almost always an idol. Foreign gods, carved images, and the whole apparatus of pagan worship are branded with it, so that a false god is not merely called wrong but is named as something filthy and repellent. When Solomon follows Milcom, or Josiah clears out the shrines, the objects involved are tagged with this word to say plainly what God thinks of them.

The disgust is the constant; only the target shifts. Most often the target is an idol or idolatrous object. A handful of times the word reaches past idols to name any loathsome thing: refuse hurled at a city as a public shaming, or unclean food pulled from between someone's teeth. And in the book of Daniel it settles onto one dreaded thing, a pagan object set up inside the temple itself, in a fixed phrase later readers came to call the abomination that makes desolate.

Because the word carries revulsion rather than a neutral label, translations reach for several English words to catch it: abomination, detestable thing, idol, filth. No single English word holds both the specific reference to idols and the note of loathing at once.

Nuances

1aan idol or object of pagan worship; a false god named as a thing to be loathed
Deu 29:17(16)1Ki 11:51Ki 11:7 (2×)2Ki 23:13 (2×)2Ki 23:242Ch 15:8Isa 66:3Jer 4:1Jer 7:30Jer 13:27Jer 16:18Jer 32:34
1ba loathsome thing that is not an idol: filth flung in disgrace, or unclean food
Nam 3:6Zec 9:7
1cthe desolating abomination: a specific pagan object set up in the temple that defiles it
Dan 9:27Dan 11:31Dan 12:11

What scholars say about shiqquts

šiqqûṣ derives from the root šqṣ "to detest, treat as loathsome," and it is the deverbal noun for the object of that loathing. Standard lexica (HALOT, BDB) treat it as monosemous, glossing it "detested thing" and noting that its overwhelming referent is idols and idolatrous cult objects; it is a favored term of the Deuteronomistic history, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel for foreign gods (Milcom, Chemosh) and their images. It sits within a cluster of related terms: šeqeṣ (its byform used for ritually unclean animals and food in Leviticus 11) and tôʿēbâ (the broader term for the abhorrent). In the Septuagint it is regularly rendered bdelygma. Its most discussed occurrences are the Daniel phrase haššiqqûṣ mešōmēm / šiqqûṣ šōmēm (Daniel 11:31; 12:11; cf. the difficult construct in 9:27), "the abomination that desolates." Most critical scholarship (Collins, Daniel [Hermeneia]; Goldingay, Daniel [WBC]) identifies its historical referent with the pagan altar or image Antiochus IV Epiphanes installed in the Jerusalem temple in 167 BCE, possibly as a deliberate distortion of a title of Baal Shamem ("lord of heaven"); the phrase is taken up in Matthew 24:15 and Mark 13:14. This historical and later eschatological debate concerns the referent, not the lexical sense of the word, which is agreed.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. שִׁקּוּץlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. שִׁקּוּץlexicon
  • TWOT, §2459c (šiqqûṣ)reference
  • J. J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia; Fortress, 1993)commentary
  • J. Goldingay, Daniel (Word Biblical Commentary 30; Word, 1989)commentary

All attested forms of שִׁקּוּץ

m p construct

שִׁקּוּצֵיהֶם

Deu 29:17, Isa 66:3, Jer 7:30, Jer 16:18, Jer 32:34, Ezk 7:20, Ezk 11:21, Ezk 20:30

m p absolute

שִׁקּוּצִים, שִּׁקּוּצִים, שִׁקֻּצִים, שִּׁקֻּצִים

Dan 9:27, Hos 9:10, 2Ch 15:8, Nam 3:6, 2Ki 23:24

m s construct

שִׁקֻּץ

1Ki 11:5, 1Ki 11:7, 1Ki 11:7, 2Ki 23:13, 2Ki 23:13

m p construct

שִׁקּוּצֵי

Ezk 20:7, Ezk 20:8

m p construct

שִׁקּוּצַיִךְ, שִׁקּוּצָיִךְ

Ezk 5:11, Jer 13:27

m s absolute

שִׁקּוּץ, שִּׁקּוּץ

Dan 12:11, Dan 11:31

m p construct

שִׁקּוּצֶיךָ

Jer 4:1

m p construct

שִׁקּוּצֶיהָ

Ezk 11:18

m p construct

שִׁקֻּצָיו

Zec 9:7