tsava

• צָבָא is first an ordinary military word: a fighting force that can be counted, organized into divisions, and put under a named commander.Num 1:3Gen 21:22
• It also names the armies of the sky, the sun and moon and stars and the ranks of heaven, which is why the same word can be the thing Israel is forbidden to worship.Gen 2:1Deu 4:19Isa 40:262Ki 17:16
• Stretched a little further it means the hard service itself, a set term of duty: the years a man is fit to serve at the tent of meeting, or the conscript labor a whole human life can feel like.Num 4:3Num 8:24Job 7:1

• The overlap is one title and nothing else. Where Hebrew says "the LORD of hosts", Greek keeps the Hebrew plural untranslated as σαβαώθ, which is visible in Paul's quotation of Isaiah, where the Hebrew word and the Greek word stand in the same sentence of Scripture.Isa 1:9Rom 9:29
• In both languages the title is reached for by people with no force of their own, as an appeal to the God who commands every army there is.1Sa 17:45Jas 5:4

• σαβαώθ is not really a Greek word at all. It is the Hebrew plural for "armies" carried over into Greek letters, so it never names a literal army, a battle, or a stretch of duty. It survives only inside the fixed title "Lord of Sabaoth".Rom 9:29Jas 5:4
• Because the word is left standing in Hebrew rather than translated, English New Testaments either keep the strange form "Sabaoth" or swap the whole phrase for "Lord Almighty", so the reader meets a solemn name and not a picture of massed armies.Jas 5:4
• Both of its appearances arrive as borrowed prophetic speech rather than everyday vocabulary: Paul is quoting Isaiah word for word when he uses it.Rom 9:29

• Most of its uses are plain and military: an army of men, with a named commander over it, in ordinary narrative about kings and campaigns.Gen 21:222Sa 8:161Ki 16:16
• It also names service rather than the servants: the age at which a man is fit for duty, the term of work at the sanctuary, and by extension any long stretch of hard, assigned labor a person must see through.Num 1:3Num 4:3Job 7:1Job 14:14
• It reaches upward as well, naming the sun, moon and stars as a marshalled array that God brought into being and still calls out by number.Gen 2:1Deu 4:19Isa 40:26
• Because those lights could be treated as powers in their own right, the word turns up in accounts of forbidden worship, where kings and people bow to what God made.2Ki 21:3Zep 1:5
• It also names the living company that stands around God's throne and does his bidding, and even has a commander who confronts Joshua outside Jericho.Jos 5:141Ki 22:19Psa 103:21Psa 148:2

• Both stand inside the great worship cry of the throne room, and the New Testament song puts "Almighty" exactly where Isaiah's seraphim say "of hosts", so the Greek title reads as the settled rendering of the Hebrew one.Isa 6:3Rev 4:8
• Both belong to the formula that backs up divine speech, the "says the LORD of hosts" of the prophets and the "says the Lord Almighty" that Paul quotes, where the title is what guarantees the promise or the threat will hold.Mal 1:142Co 6:18
• Both name God as the one who settles a war, mustering the forces of battle in the prophets and owning the great day of battle at the end.Isa 13:4Rev 16:14

• In the New Testament this word is only ever a title for God, never an ordinary word for soldiers, for an army, or for a stretch of duty: it belongs beside his name in worship and in solemn speech.Rev 1:8Rev 21:22
• It states the power itself rather than pointing at forces God commands, which is why it fits announcements that God has taken up his rule over everything.Rev 11:17Rev 19:6
• It carries the language of the end, naming God in the last battle and in the final outpouring of his anger, where the point is that nothing can withstand him.Rev 16:7Rev 16:14Rev 19:15

• Covers Israel's own conscripted fighting force, mustered and counted man by man and tribe by tribe; the word carries the sense of an organized muster for war that the Greek loanword never takes on.Num 1:3Num 31:3
• Names the "host of heaven," the sun, moon, and stars arrayed like an army, which Israel is warned not to worship; here the word reaches beyond soldiers to the ordered ranks of the sky.Deu 4:19Isa 40:26
• Forms the fixed divine title rendered "LORD of hosts," naming God as commander of every heavenly and earthly army; this standing title has no counterpart in the Greek word.1Sa 1:3Isa 6:3
• Stretches to the abstract idea of hard service or an appointed term of labor, as in the question whether there is a set "warfare" for a human on earth; the sense of an assigned tour of duty is entirely absent from the Greek word.Job 7:1Job 14:14

• Both name a massed, organized army, and both are applied to the heavenly ranks of angels who serve God: the Greek word for the legions of angels the Father could dispatch, the Hebrew word for the host of heaven standing beside the LORD's throne.Mat 26:531Ki 22:19

• Names a specific Roman military unit, the legion of roughly six thousand men, so it always evokes an overwhelming, precisely-imagined mass of soldiers. Jesus says the Father could send him more than twelve legions of angels, and the healed man is found sitting where the swarm called Legion had been.Mat 26:53Mrk 5:15
• Becomes a proper name for a vast crowd of demons in one man, spoken because "we are many"; the sheer numerical force of a Roman legion is turned into a self-description of the multitude.Mrk 5:9Luk 8:30

• Carries the full Hebrew range far beyond the Greek word: an earthly army mustered for battle, a fixed term of hard service, and above all God's repeated title as the LORD commanding every army in heaven and on earth.Num 1:31Sa 1:3Job 7:1

• Both name the host of heaven, the ordered company of beings around God praising him, and the Greek word renders the Hebrew idea when angels appear in formation.Neh 9:6Luk 2:13
• Both can name the host of heaven as the sun, moon, and stars, the celestial array that becomes a snare when people worship it instead of God.Deu 4:19Act 7:42

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• צָבָא is first of all a human army: fighting men counted by division, drawn up under officers, and sent out to war. δύναμις is never a marching army of soldiers in the New Testament.Num 1:3Num 2:3Exo 12:412Sa 10:7
• Because an army serves a fixed term, צָבָא also names a stretch of assigned duty, whether the years a man owes at the tent of meeting or the hard service a life or a city has to see through. δύναμις carries no idea of a term of service.Num 4:3Num 8:24Job 7:1Job 14:14Isa 40:2
• צָבָא supplies a divine title, "the LORD of hosts", which becomes God's standing name in the prophets. The title is so tied to the Hebrew word that the New Testament writers keep the Hebrew itself rather than reaching for a Greek word for power, so δύναμις never functions as a name for God.1Sa 1:3Isa 6:3Zec 4:6Mal 1:6

• Both words can name the array of the sky, the sun and moon and stars and the unseen beings ranked with them, understood as God's own force. Where Hebrew says "the host of the heavens", the Greek of the New Testament says "the powers of the heavens", so the two words meet at exactly this point.Gen 2:1Neh 9:6Isa 34:4Mat 24:29Mrk 13:25
• Both are used of unseen powers arranged in ranks under a commander, so that naming them asserts who they answer to. Hebrew pictures the heavenly host standing around God's throne and obeying his word; Greek lists "powers" among the ranks made subject to Christ or unable to separate his people from him.1Ki 22:19Psa 103:21Psa 148:2Rom 8:381Pe 3:22

• δύναμις can mean simple ability, the capacity a person has to do something, measured against what someone else can do. Hebrew צָבָא never names a capacity like this; it always names a body of people or a stretch of service.Mat 25:152Co 8:3
• In the plural δύναμις names concrete acts of power, the deeds English Bibles call "mighty works" or "miracles". The word can point to a single event that happened, not to a force or a group of people.Mat 11:20Mrk 6:2Act 19:11Heb 2:4
• δύναμις can be an active force that resides in someone and goes out from him to heal, or that works through a message and changes those who hear it. Nothing like this belongs to צָבָא, which is a countable force of beings rather than an energy at work.Mrk 5:30Luk 6:19Luk 8:46Rom 1:16

• Names the muster itself, the reckoning of who is fit and enrolled to go out and fight, counted man by man; the Greek word never counts anyone.Num 1:3Num 1:45
• Stretches upward to the ordered array of heaven, both the sun, moon, and stars and the heavenly beings standing around God.Gen 2:1Deu 4:191Ki 22:19Dan 8:10
• Names a set term of assigned duty, and from there a stretch of imposed hardship with an end in view, with no armed force in sight at all.Num 4:3Job 7:1Isa 40:2
• Becomes part of a name for God himself, in the standing title usually rendered "the LORD of hosts".1Sa 1:31Sa 17:45Isa 6:3Psa 24:10

• Both can name an armed force in the field, the fighting men themselves rather than any building or ground they hold.Heb 11:34Gen 21:22Gen 26:26
• Both can name God's own people gathered as one organized company, not only a hostile force: the saints encamped together, and Israel marching out of Egypt in ordered ranks.Rev 20:9Exo 12:41

• Names a building: the guarded quarters where soldiers are housed, a place people are carried into, questioned inside, brought out of, and escorted back to.Act 21:34Act 22:24Act 23:10Act 23:16Act 23:32
• Names a settled camp with a clear inside and outside, so the boundary itself carries the weight of the sentence: the bodies are burned outside it, and the reader is called to go out to Jesus there.Heb 13:11Heb 13:13

• The Hebrew word can name the service instead of the servers: the term of duty a man is enrolled into, the age at which he becomes liable to be called up, and the fixed stretch of work the Levites take up at the tent of meeting, where no fighting is in view at all.Num 1:3Num 4:3
• From there it reaches past soldiering altogether, to a hard assigned stretch of life that has a set end, so a weary man calls his days on earth a term of hard service and a prophet comforts Jerusalem by announcing that hers is finished.Job 7:1Isa 40:2
• It names the ordered array of the sky, the sun, moon, and stars brought out in order and called by name, which is why worshiping them is condemned as bowing down to the host of heaven, and once it takes in everything God made, heaven and earth and all their array.Deu 4:192Ki 21:3Isa 40:26Gen 2:1
• It supplies God's own title, usually rendered "the LORD of hosts", where the word has stopped describing any particular force and become part of a name that a shepherd boy can throw at a giant.1Sa 1:3Isa 6:31Sa 17:45
• It can name a whole nation organized like an army even when it is not fighting, Israel marching out of Egypt in its divisions as the LORD's own hosts.Exo 12:41

• Both name a body of armed men who belong to a commander and move when he says move, so where the Old Testament speaks of a king and the commander of his army, this Greek noun is the natural word for the same thing: a king sending his troops out to destroy a city.Gen 21:22Mat 22:7
• Both lift the same military picture into heaven, one for the ranks standing around God's throne as a prophet sees him seated there, the other for the armies of heaven riding out behind their leader.1Ki 22:19Rev 19:14
• Both keep the owner in view rather than the numbers: the force is always somebody's, a king's army sent against his enemies or the armies gathered by the kings of the earth, and how large it is has to be read off the story.2Sa 10:7Rev 19:19

• The Greek word shrinks all the way down to the handful of soldiers an officer happens to have on hand and can order into a street on the spot, a scale the Hebrew word never works at, since that one names a force called up and counted.Act 23:10Act 23:27
• It also covers the armed men who simply travel with a ruler as his guard, the soldiers a king has beside him while he treats a prisoner with contempt, rather than a force drawn up for battle.Luk 23:11
• Even when the word goes up to heaven it stays soldiers: mounted ranks riding out behind their commander and a cavalry beyond counting. It is never used of the sun, moon, and stars.Rev 19:14Rev 9:16