StrongerBible

aggaph

אֲגַף

HebrewH0102troops, hordes, ...

Appears 7 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezk 12:14Ezk 17:21Ezk 38:6 (2×)Ezk 38:9Ezk 38:22Ezk 39:4
Root family
Word studyah-GAHFnoun

What aggaph means

a leader's own troops: the fighting companies massed with a named king or commander

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

This word belongs to the book of Ezekiel alone, and it never stands by itself. Every one of its seven appearances says whose troops they are: his troops, your troops, her troops, the fighting men attached to whoever was named a moment earlier. That possessive tie is the whole point of the word. Ezekiel is not describing an army in the abstract but the force a particular leader brought with him.

Three groups carry it:

  • Zedekiah of Judah, whose helpers and troops are scattered to every wind in Ezekiel 12:14 and cut down by the sword in Ezekiel 17:21
  • Gomer and Beth-togarmah, each named with its own companies as the northern coalition assembles in Ezekiel 38:6
  • Gog himself, addressed twice as "you and all your troops" while the invasion is still climbing toward Israel, in Ezekiel 38:9 and Ezekiel 39:4

Because the troops belong to the leader, they share his verdict. When God scatters them to the wind or brings them down on the mountains, the sentence on the king is being carried out on every man he gathered. In the Gog chapters the prophet also keeps them distinct from the "many peoples" who come along, so the word marks a commander's own companies inside a far larger crowd.

The word most likely came into Hebrew from a neighboring language's word for "wing", which in military speech means the units spread out on either side of a main force. Whether or not that picture is still alive in Ezekiel, it matches how he uses it: not the standing army of a state, which Hebrew usually calls something else (חַיִל), and not a raiding party operating on its own (גְּדוּד), but the companies drawn up alongside a commander.

Ezk 12:14Ezk 17:21Ezk 38:6 (2×)Ezk 38:9Ezk 38:22Ezk 39:4

What scholars say about aggaph

BDB, HALOT and DCH all enter אֲגַף as a masculine noun attested only in Ezekiel (7×) and only in the plural with a pronominal suffix, glossing it "band, army", "troops" and "troop, band" respectively. The standard derivation treats it as a loan from Akkadian agappu "wing" (compare Biblical Aramaic גַּף "wing"), which would yield either "wings" in the military sense of flanking units or, more loosely, the contingents ranged alongside a commander; the lexica register the loanword while glossing the noun from its usage rather than its etymology. In the Zedekiah oracles the noun stands beside עֶזְרוֹ "his help" (Ezek 12:14) and, at 17:21, beside a well-known textual crux in the neighboring word, where the Masoretic מִבְרָחָיו "his fugitives" is read in many Hebrew manuscripts and the ancient versions as מִבְחָרָיו "his choice men"; the variant does not touch אֲגַף itself. In the Gog oracles commentators (Zimmerli, Block) take the repeated וְכָל־אֲגַפָּיו as a formulaic tally of the allied contingents swelling Gog's coalition, distinguished in the same verses from the עַמִּים רַבִּים "many peoples" accompanying them. No live dispute attaches to the sense: the discussion concerns the loanword's route into Hebrew and how much of the "wing" image survives in Ezekiel's usage.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. אֲגַףlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. אֲגַףlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. אֲגַףlexicon
  • Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983)commentary
  • Daniel I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 25-48, NICOT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998)commentary
  • Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 1-20, Anchor Bible 22 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983)commentary

All attested forms of אֲגַף

m p construct

אֲגַפָּיו

Ezk 12:14, Ezk 17:21, Ezk 38:6, Ezk 38:22

m p construct

אֲגַפֶּיךָ

Ezk 38:9, Ezk 39:4

m p construct

אֲגַפֶּיהָ

Ezk 38:6