StrongerBible

atsum

עָצוּם

HebrewH6099mighty, numerous, ...

Appears 31 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 18:18Exo 1:9Num 14:12Num 22:6Num 32:1Deu 4:38Deu 7:1Deu 9:1Deu 9:14Deu 11:23Deu 26:5Jos 23:9Psa 10:10Psa 35:18Psa 135:10Pro 7:26Pro 18:18Pro 30:26Isa 8:7Isa 53:12Isa 60:22Dan 8:24Dan 11:25Jol 1:6Amo 5:12Mic 4:3Zec 8:22
Root family
Word studyah-TSOOMadjective

What atsum means

vast: so overwhelmingly great, in strength or in sheer numbers, that it cannot be resisted

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word describes something whose size overwhelms. Depending on the setting that size is either force or number, and often it is both at once. A nation, an army, a swarm of locusts, or a flood is called this when it is simply too big and too strong to stand against.

Because it fuses might and multitude, the same word slides between two shades in English. When the thing in view is a fighting force or a mighty figure, it means powerful and overpowering. When the thing in view is countable, like herds or sins or a crowd, it means abundant, a formidable mass. The Bible often pairs it with the ordinary word for many or great, and in those pairings this word usually carries the extra note of overwhelming force while its partner carries plain quantity.

The root behind it points to being vast and formidable, and that single idea holds the two shades together: whether the greatness is counted or felt as power, it is the greatness of something you cannot push back.

Nuances

1amighty: overwhelming in strength or force, too powerful to resist
Gen 18:18Exo 1:9Num 14:12Num 22:6Deu 4:38Deu 7:1Deu 9:1Deu 9:14Deu 11:23Deu 26:5Jos 23:9Psa 10:10
1bnumerous: overwhelming in sheer number, a formidable multitude
Num 32:1Psa 35:18Pro 7:26Amo 5:12

What scholars say about atsum

The lexica treat H6099 as a single adjective from the root ʿ-ts-m spanning two related glosses, mighty/powerful and numerous, with the two senses frequently overlapping and hard to separate in context. BDB glosses it mighty, numerous; HALOT and DCH agree, noting its recurrent pairing with rab (many) and gadol (great), where atsum typically bears the nuance of overpowering strength while its partner carries quantity. Numbers 32:1 (of herds) and Amos 5:12 (of transgressions) show the purely quantitative use, while the many nation, army, and king references (e.g. Numbers 22:6; Psalm 135:10; Isaiah 53:12; Joel 2:2-11) show the force nuance. Psalm 10:10 is a recognized textual crux (the form ba-atsumaw with the difficult chel kaim), variously construed as the wicked's mighty ones or his strength, and any classification there is provisional.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. עָצוּםlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. עָצוּםlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. עָצוּםlexicon

All attested forms of עָצוּם

m s absolute

עָצוּם

Gen 18:18, Exo 1:9, Num 14:12, Num 22:6, Num 32:1, Deu 9:14, Deu 26:5, Psa 35:18

m p absolute

עֲצוּמִים, עֲצֻמִים

Deu 7:1, Jos 23:9, Psa 135:10, Pro 18:18, Isa 8:7, Isa 53:12, Dan 8:24, Zec 8:22

m p construct

עֲצוּמָיו

Psa 10:10