StrongerBible

ischuros

ἰσχυρός

GreekG2478strong, mighty, ...

Appears 29 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 3:11Mat 12:29 (2×)Mat 14:30Mrk 1:7Mrk 3:27 (2×)Luk 3:16Luk 11:21Luk 11:22Luk 15:141Co 1:251Co 1:271Co 4:101Co 10:222Co 10:10Heb 5:7Heb 6:18Heb 11:341Jn 2:14Rev 5:2Rev 6:15Rev 10:1Rev 18:2Rev 18:8Rev 18:10Rev 18:21Rev 19:6Rev 19:18
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyResearch-gradeis-khoo-ROSSadjective

What ischuros means

strong: possessing real, built-in force that grips, holds, and resists

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word points to strength a person or thing actually has and can put to use, not merely a capacity or a rank. It is the sturdiness of a healthy body, the might of a soldier, the pull of a gale, the roar of a shout. The same word covers all of these because they share one idea: force that is really present and hard to overcome.

Because the strength is real and measurable, the New Testament writers reach for this word again and again in scenes where one power is set against another and readers are meant to ask which will win. The powerful of the earth hide from wrath they cannot resist. A well-armed man guards his house until someone tougher arrives. God's apparent weakness turns out to overpower every human measure of might.

One feature sets this word apart from its close relatives: it can describe forces that are not people at all. A famine, a cry, a voice, a wind, even a letter can be called strong, meaning severe, loud, or forceful. That flexibility, applying the same core idea to persons and to impersonal forces alike, is what makes it hard to pin to a single English word.

Nuances

1astrong or mighty, of a person or being: physically robust, militarily powerful, or high in status and clout
1Co 1:271Co 4:10Heb 11:341Jn 2:14Rev 5:2Rev 6:15Rev 10:1Rev 18:21Rev 19:18
1bthe stronger one: the mightier figure who outmatches another, used of the coming Messiah and of the one who overpowers Satan
Mat 3:11Mrk 1:7Luk 3:16Luk 11:22
1cthe strong man: a well-armed figure holding his own house, pictured as Satan whose stronghold Jesus invades
Mat 12:29 (2×)Mrk 3:27 (2×)Luk 11:21
1dmighty, of God: the strength that belongs to the Lord as judge and ruler
1Co 1:251Co 10:22Rev 18:8
1esevere, loud, or forceful, of an impersonal force or circumstance: a famine, a cry, a voice, a wind, a letter, an encouragement
Mat 14:30Luk 15:142Co 10:10Heb 5:7Heb 6:18Rev 18:2Rev 19:6
1fwell-fortified, of a place: strong in the sense of secure and hard to breach
Rev 18:10

What scholars say about ischuros

The lexica agree on a two-part semantic structure: ischyros of living beings (strong, mighty, powerful, covering physical strength, warriors, spiritual fortitude, and the socially powerful) and of inanimate things or circumstances (severe, loud, forceful, well-fortified). BDAG, Louw-Nida (domains 76, 79, 22), LSJ, and Moulton-Milligan document this range from classical Greek through the papyri. The distinctive feature that survives all caveats is its ability, unlike dynatos, to modify impersonal phenomena. Beekes classes the underlying noun ischys as Pre-Greek substrate, so the older ischo/echo (to hold) etymology is folk etymology. In the Septuagint ischyros occurs roughly 280 times, rendering chazaq, gibbor, abbir, and the divine name El, and functions as a divine epithet (Deuteronomy 10:17; Genesis 49:24). Grundmann (TDNT 3:397-402) argued the LXX theologized a once-secular word; Muraoka and Silva treat this more cautiously as ordinary translation equivalence. Silva (NIDNTTE) warns that NT writers do not always keep the classic Schmidt-Trench distinctions between ischyros, dynatos, kratos, and exousia sharp (e.g. Ephesians 1:19 piles them up as near-synonyms). The comparative ho ischyroteros in the Synoptic Baptist sayings and the binding-of-the-strong-man parables (Matthew 3:11 par.; Matthew 12:29 par.; Luke 11:21-22) is widely read against Isaiah 40:10 and 49:24-26 LXX, with Watts, Hays, Shively, Boring, and Dennis pressing a divine-identity reading, Gundry rejecting it, and Marcus in between. Paul deploys the word with polemical irony against Corinthian status-culture (1 Corinthians 1:25, 27; 4:10; 2 Corinthians 10:10). Bauckham and Beale read Revelation's clustering of the word (the strong angels of 5:2; 10:1; 18:21 and the Babylon irony of chapter 18) as deliberate parody of imperial self-presentation, while Aune treats it more as style.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG (Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich, 3rd ed., 2000), s.v. ἰσχυρόςlexicon
  • Louw & Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the NT Based on Semantic Domains (1988), domains 76.6, 22, 79lexicon
  • LSJ, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed.), s.v. ἰσχυρόςlexicon
  • T. Muraoka, A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (Peeters, 2009), s.v. ἰσχυρόςlexicon
  • Moulton & Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (1914-29), s.v. ἰσχυρόςlexicon
  • Wilhelm Grundmann, ἰσχύω κτλ., TDNT 3:397-402theological-dictionary
  • Moisés Silva (ed.), NIDNTTE (Zondervan, 2014), entry on ἰσχύςtheological-dictionary
  • Robert Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Brill, 2010), p. 603lexicon
  • Rikki Watts, Isaiah's New Exodus and Mark (WUNT 2/88, 1997), pp. 120, 146-51monograph
  • John Dennis, Jesus as the Isaian Stronger One in Mark 1:7, TynBul 73 (2022): 149-69article
  • Robert Gundry, Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross (1993), pp. 38, 45commentary
  • Joel Marcus, Mark 1-8 (AYB, 2000), pp. 151-52, 157, 281-83commentary
  • Anthony Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NIGTC, 2000), pp. 208-9commentary
  • Gordon Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT)commentary
  • Margaret Thrall, 2 Corinthians (ICC, 1994/2000)commentary
  • Harold Attridge, Hebrews (Hermeneia, 1989), pp. 150, 334commentary
  • Richard Bauckham, The Climax of Prophecy (T&T Clark, 1993)monograph
  • G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC, 1999), pp. 522, 524commentary
  • David Aune, Revelation (WBC 52A-C)commentary
  • Raymond Brown, The Epistles of John (AB, 1982), pp. 297-302commentary

All attested forms of ἰσχυρός

nominative m s

ἰσχυρὸς, ἰσχυρότερός, ἰσχυρότερος

Luk 11:21, Rev 18:8, Rev 18:21, Mat 3:11, Mrk 1:7, Luk 3:16, Luk 11:22

accusative m s

ἰσχυρὸν, ἰσχυρόν

Mat 14:30, Mrk 3:27, Rev 5:2, Rev 10:1, Mat 12:29

nominative m p

ἰσχυροί, ἰσχυροὶ, ἰσχυρότεροι

1Co 4:10, 1Jn 2:14, Heb 11:34, Rev 6:15, 1Co 10:22

genitive m s

ἰσχυροῦ

Mat 12:29, Mrk 3:27

accusative f s

ἰσχυρὰν

Heb 6:18

accusative n p

ἰσχυρά

1Co 1:27

dative f s

ἰσχυρᾷ

Rev 18:2

genitive f p

ἰσχυρῶν

Rev 19:6

genitive f s

ἰσχυρᾶς

Heb 5:7

genitive m p

ἰσχυρῶν

Rev 19:18

nominative f p

ἰσχυραί

2Co 10:10

nominative f s

ἰσχυρὰ

Luk 15:14

nominative n s

ἰσχυρότερον

1Co 1:25

vocative f s

ἰσχυρά

Rev 18:10