StrongerBible

oph

עוֹף

HebrewH5775fowl, birds, ...

Appears 71 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 1:20Gen 1:21Gen 1:22Gen 1:26Gen 1:28Gen 1:30Gen 2:19Gen 2:20Gen 6:7Gen 6:20Gen 7:3Gen 7:8Gen 7:14Gen 7:21Gen 7:23Gen 8:17Gen 8:19Gen 8:20Gen 9:2Gen 9:10Gen 40:17Gen 40:19Lev 1:14Lev 7:26Lev 11:13Lev 11:20Lev 11:21Lev 11:23Lev 11:46Lev 17:13Lev 20:25 (2×)Deu 14:19Deu 14:20Deu 28:261Sa 17:441Sa 17:462Sa 21:101Ki 14:111Ki 16:41Ki 21:24Job 12:7Job 28:21Job 35:11Psa 50:11Psa 79:2Isa 16:2Jer 5:27Jer 7:33Jer 9:10(9)Jer 12:4
Root family
Word studyOFEnoun

What oph means

flying creatures as a class: birds and other winged animals, taken together

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This is a collective word. It does not name one bird but the whole category of creatures that fly, which is why English Bibles often render it as a group, "the birds of the air" or "the fowl of the heavens." The Hebrew sorts animals by how they move rather than by modern biology, so the deciding trait here is wings and flight, not feathers.

That is why the word can reach beyond birds. In the food laws it stretches to cover winged insects, the things that fly and also crawl, which the same passages set apart from clean birds. The two senses below are not two different words but the two edges of one class: ordinary winged life on one side, and the swarming winged insects on the other.

Because it is collective, it usually appears as a sweeping category, the birds set over creation, the birds that scatter or are scattered, the birds that feed on the dead. Where a single bird is in view, the Hebrew tends to reach for a more specific word instead.

Nuances

1abirds, fowl: the winged animals of the sky, named as a group
Gen 1:20Gen 1:21Gen 1:22Gen 1:26Gen 1:28Gen 1:30Gen 2:19Gen 2:20Gen 6:7Gen 6:20Gen 7:3Gen 7:8
1bwinged insects: the flying swarming creatures the food laws name alongside birds
Lev 11:20Lev 11:21Lev 11:23Deu 14:19

What scholars say about oph

Standard lexica treat עוֹף as a single collective noun from the root meaning "to fly," glossed "flying creatures, birds, fowl, winged insects." BDB and HALOT both note that the food laws (Leviticus 11; Deuteronomy 14) extend it to winged swarming insects, confirming that the organizing idea is flight rather than the modern category of birds. It is the broad class term, distinct from words for individual birds such as צִפּוֹר.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. עוֹףlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. עוֹףlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. עוֹףlexicon

All attested forms of עוֹף

m s construct

עוֹף, לְעוֹף, וּבְעוֹף, וּלְעוֹף, וּמֵעוֹף, וְעוֹף, מֵעוֹף, כְּעוֹף

Gen 1:21, Gen 1:30, Gen 2:19, Gen 6:7, Gen 7:23, Gen 9:2, Deu 28:26, 2Sa 21:10

m s absolute

הָעוֹף, בָּעוֹף, וְהָעוֹף, עוֹף, וּבָעוֹף, וְעוֹף, וָעוֹף, כְעוֹף, כָּעוֹף, לָעוֹף, מֵהָעוֹף

Gen 7:8, Gen 7:14, Gen 8:19, Gen 8:20, Gen 40:19, Lev 1:14, Lev 11:13, Lev 11:20