StrongerBible

na'ar

נַעַר

HebrewH5288boy, servant, ...

Appears 239 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 14:24Gen 18:7Gen 19:4Gen 21:12Gen 21:17 (2×)Gen 21:18Gen 21:19Gen 21:20Gen 22:3Gen 22:5 (2×)Gen 22:12Gen 22:19Gen 25:27Gen 34:19Gen 37:2Gen 41:12Gen 43:8Gen 44:22Gen 48:16Exo 2:6Exo 10:9Exo 24:5Exo 33:11Num 22:22Deu 28:50Jos 6:23Jdg 7:10Jdg 7:11Jdg 8:14Jdg 8:20Jdg 9:54Jdg 17:7Jdg 19:3Jdg 19:9Jdg 19:13Rut 2:5Rut 2:9 (2×)Rut 2:15Rut 2:211Sa 1:241Sa 2:131Sa 2:151Sa 2:171Sa 2:181Sa 3:81Sa 9:31Sa 9:51Sa 9:71Sa 9:101Sa 9:22
Names & words formed with this
Word studyNAH-arnoun

What na'ar means

a boy, youth, or young man; also a personal attendant or servant, often of junior standing

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word covers two poles of a single social reality: biological youth and dependent service. At one end it names a boy who is still a child, from an infant in a basket to a teenager herding sheep. At the other end it names a personal attendant who belongs to someone's household or service, an armor-bearer, a steward, a traveling companion, a prophet's assistant. Between these poles the senses shade into each other, because in the ancient world a young man of dependent or lowly status and a personal servant occupied the same social ground. The word is often doing both things at once.

The age sense ranges widely: an infant too young to speak (Moses, Ishmael), a boy dedicated to serve at the sanctuary (Samuel), a teenager (Joseph at seventeen), a young man old enough to fight but still contrasted with an experienced warrior. Prophets and kings sometimes use the word to describe themselves as too young for a task. Wisdom literature uses it to address the teachable young man whose character is still being formed.

The service sense also spans a wide range: the unnamed household retainer who carries out an instruction, the dedicated armor-bearer who stays beside his master in battle, the prophet's personal assistant (Gehazi beside Elisha), a steward set over a household or a field. What unites these is dependence and personal attachment to a master. The servant in this sense is not a slave owned as property (that is the word for slave, which occupies a distinct conceptual space) but someone who serves a superior personally and is identified by that relationship.

Nuances

1aa boy or youth: a male from infancy through young manhood, with the focus on age and dependency
Gen 21:17 (2×)Gen 21:18Gen 21:19Gen 21:20Gen 37:2Exo 2:6Jdg 13:5Jdg 13:7Jdg 13:8Jdg 13:12Jdg 13:241Sa 1:22
1ba personal attendant or retainer: a servant identified by personal attachment to a master rather than owned status
Gen 18:7Gen 22:3Gen 22:5 (2×)Gen 22:19Exo 24:5Exo 33:11Num 22:22Jdg 7:10Jdg 7:11Jdg 9:541Sa 2:131Sa 2:15

What scholars say about na'ar

The word covers biological youth (from infant to young man) and social role (personal attendant, armor-bearer, household retainer). The two senses shade into each other because junior social standing and young age occupied the same social space in ancient Israel. HALOT identifies three semantic poles: (1) a boy from infancy, (2) a young man, and (3) a servant or retainer, noting that the boundaries are often fluid. BDB similarly organizes the occurrences around age on one axis and service on the other while acknowledging extensive overlap. DCH emphasizes the social-role dimension, arguing that the servant sense is not merely metaphorical extension of the age sense but reflects a real social category of personal attendants who were often, but not always, young. TWOT notes the distinction from the ordinary word for slave: this word denotes personal, often informal service rather than property-ownership. The Elisha-Gehazi narrative in 2 Kings 4-6 illustrates the fully developed servant sense: Gehazi is consistently called Elisha's naar even as he acts as a responsible adult intermediary. The Samuel narrative in 1 Samuel 1-3 illustrates the age sense at its youngest extreme: Samuel is a naar from before he is weaned through his early ministry at Shiloh.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. נַעַרlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. נַעַרlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. נַעַרlexicon
  • TWOT, entry 1289lexicon
  • TDOT, vol. 9, s.v. נַעַרtheological-dictionary

All attested forms of נַעַר

m s absolute

נַּעַר, נַעַר, נָּעַר, נָעַר

Gen 18:7, Gen 19:4, Gen 21:12, Gen 21:17, Gen 21:17, Gen 21:18, Gen 21:20, Gen 22:5

m p absolute

נְּעָרִים, נְעָרִים

Gen 14:24, Gen 25:27, Gen 48:16, Jos 6:23, Rut 2:9, Rut 2:9, Rut 2:21, 1Sa 2:17

m s construct

נַעֲרוֹ

Jdg 7:11, Jdg 9:54, Jdg 19:3, Jdg 19:9, Jdg 19:13, Rut 2:5, 1Sa 9:5, 1Sa 9:7

m p construct

נַעֲרֵי, נַּעֲרֵי

Exo 24:5, 1Sa 25:9, 1Sa 25:12, 1Sa 25:25, 2Sa 13:29, 1Ki 20:14, 1Ki 20:15, 1Ki 20:17

m s construct

נַעַר

Exo 33:11, 1Sa 2:13, 1Sa 2:15, 1Sa 20:38, 2Sa 9:9, 2Sa 16:1, 2Sa 19:17, 2Ki 5:20

m p construct

נְעָרָיו

Gen 22:3, Gen 22:5, Gen 22:19, Num 22:22, Rut 2:15, 2Sa 13:28, 2Ki 5:23

m p construct

נְעָרַי, נְעָרָי, נְּעָרַי

Neh 4:16, Neh 4:23, Neh 5:10, Neh 5:16, Job 29:5, Neh 13:19

m p construct

נְעָרֵינוּ

Exo 10:9

m p construct

נְעָרֶיךָ

1Sa 25:8

m p construct

נְעָרֶיהָ

1Sa 25:19

m p construct

נַעֲרֵיהֶם

Neh 5:15

m s construct

נַעַרְךָ

Jdg 7:10

m s construct

נַעֲרָהּ

2Ki 4:24