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nakhah

נָכָה

HebrewH5221smite, strike, ...

Appears 500 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 4:15Gen 8:21Gen 14:5Gen 14:7Gen 14:15Gen 14:17Gen 32:8(9)Gen 32:11(12)Exo 2:12Exo 7:20Exo 7:25Exo 8:17(13)Exo 9:25 (2×)Exo 12:13Exo 12:29Exo 21:12Exo 21:15Exo 21:18Exo 21:20Exo 21:26Lev 24:17Lev 24:18Lev 24:21 (2×)Num 3:13Num 8:17Num 11:33Num 14:45Num 20:11Num 21:24Num 21:35Num 22:23Num 22:25Num 22:27Num 32:4Num 33:4Num 35:11Num 35:15Num 35:16Num 35:17Num 35:18Num 35:21Num 35:30Deu 1:4Deu 4:46Deu 19:4Deu 19:6Deu 19:11Deu 21:1Deu 25:2 (2×)Deu 25:3 (2×)
Root family
Word studynaw-KHAWverb

What nakhah means

to deliver a blow: to strike someone or something, whether a single hit, a fatal stroke, a battlefield rout, or an affliction sent from God

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its core this word is a single physical act: to bring a hand, weapon, or force down on a target. Everything it means radiates out from that one picture of a blow landing. The blow can be light or deadly, aimed at a person, an army, or a thing, and the word leaves the outcome to the surrounding words. That is why English Bibles render it so many different ways depending on what got hit and how hard.

The senses fan out by who or what is struck and to what effect. The same verb that describes one person hitting another (a quarrel, a beating, a wound) describes an executioner killing a single man, an army crushing a whole nation, and God himself sending a plague or a hailstorm down on the land. The change is not in the verb but in its object and its result.

A few uses turn the picture inward or toward nature. A guilty conscience is said to strike the person who feels it, the sun strikes a traveler with heatstroke, and a crop is struck, meaning blighted. These are the same blow felt in a setting other than hand-to-hand violence.

Because the word itself does not tell you whether the one struck lived or died, context always carries that weight. Reading a fatal sense into a verse that only describes a beating, or a mere slap into a verse that describes a killing, is the most common way to misread it.

Nuances

1ato hit or beat a person: to land a blow in a quarrel, in discipline, or in mistreatment, without necessarily killing.
Exo 2:11Exo 2:13Exo 21:15Exo 21:18Exo 21:19Exo 21:20Exo 21:26Num 22:23Num 22:25Num 22:27Num 22:28Num 22:32
1bto strike dead: to land a fatal blow on a single victim, in killing, murder, or execution.
Gen 4:15Exo 2:12Lev 24:17Lev 24:18Lev 24:21 (2×)Num 35:16Num 35:17Num 35:18Num 35:21Deu 19:4Deu 19:6Deu 19:11
1cto defeat in battle: to strike down an army, a city, or a nation, often with the sword, so as to rout, conquer, or slaughter on a large scale.
Gen 14:5Gen 14:7Gen 14:15Num 21:24Num 21:35Deu 2:33Deu 3:3Deu 7:2Deu 20:13Jos 10:10 (2×)Jos 10:28Jos 10:32
1dto strike with plague or disaster: God bringing down sickness, ruined crops, or other affliction as judgment.
Exo 3:20Exo 7:17Exo 7:20Exo 7:25Exo 8:16Exo 8:17(13)Exo 9:15Exo 9:25 (2×)Exo 12:12Exo 12:13Exo 12:29Num 8:17
1eto strike inwardly or figuratively: a guilty conscience that strikes the one who feels it.
1Sa 24:52Sa 24:10

Uncategorized

Awaiting AI sense categorization.

12 verses
Gen 19:11Gen 32:8(9)Gen 32:11(12)Gen 34:30Gen 36:35Gen 37:21Exo 5:14Exo 5:16Exo 9:31Exo 9:32Exo 17:5Exo 17:6

What scholars say about nakhah

The standard lexica treat נכה as a single verb whose enormous range (from a light blow to mass slaughter to divine affliction) is governed by object and context rather than by separate roots. It occurs almost entirely in the causative (hiphil), the form that turns a blow into something done to a person or thing; the passive (hophal) describes the one struck, and a rare passive of the crop blighted by hail. The lexica organize the senses by target and effect: to strike a person (with or without death), to kill, to defeat an army or city, and to strike with plague or natural affliction, with God frequently the one who strikes in the prophetic and exodus material.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. נכהlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. נכהlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. נכהlexicon
  • H.-J. Fabry, "נכה nākâ," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT)theological-dictionary

All attested forms of נָכָה

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיַּךְ, וַיַּכֵּ, וַיַּכֶּה, וַיַּכֶּ, וַיַּכּ

Exo 2:12, Exo 7:20, Exo 8:17, Exo 9:25, Num 11:33, Num 20:11, Num 22:23, Num 22:27

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיַּכּוּ, וַיַּכֻּ

Gen 14:5, Gen 14:7, Num 14:45, Num 21:35, Jos 7:5, Jos 7:5, Jos 8:21, Jos 8:22

hiphil perfect 3ms

הִכָּה, הִכָּ

Exo 9:25, Exo 12:29, Num 32:4, Num 33:4, Num 35:16, Num 35:17, Num 35:18, Num 35:21

hiphil infinitive-construct construct

הַכּוֹת, הַכֹּת, הַכֹּתִ, הַכּוֹתָ, הַכֹּתָ, הַכּוֹתִ, הַכּוֹתֶ, הַכֹּתְ

Gen 4:15, Gen 8:21, Gen 14:17, Exo 7:25, Deu 25:2, Deu 27:25, Jdg 20:31, Jdg 20:39

hiphil participle m s construct

מַכֵּה, מַכֵּ, מַּכֵּ

Exo 21:12, Exo 21:15, Lev 24:18, Lev 24:21, Lev 24:21, Num 35:11, Num 35:15, Num 35:30

hiphil consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְהִכָּה, וְהִכָּ, וְהִכְּ, וְהִכַּ

Exo 21:18, Deu 19:6, Deu 19:11, Deu 25:2, 1Sa 2:14, 1Sa 27:9, 2Sa 15:14, 1Ki 14:15

hiphil imperfect 3ms

יַכֶּה, יַכֶּ, יַכְּ, יַכֵּ

Exo 21:20, Exo 21:26, Lev 24:17, Deu 19:4, Jos 15:16, Jdg 1:12, 1Sa 17:26, 2Ki 15:16

hiphil perfect 3cp

הִכּוּ, הִכֻּ

Gen 19:11, Jos 9:18, Jos 11:14, Jos 12:1, Jos 12:6, 2Sa 2:31, 2Ch 14:15, Job 1:15

hiphil consecutive-perfect 1cs

וְהִכֵּיתִי, וְהִכִּתִי, וְהִכִּיתִ, וְהִכִּיתִי

Exo 3:20, Exo 12:12, Lev 26:24, 1Sa 23:2, 2Sa 17:2, Jer 21:6, Ezk 39:3, Amo 3:15

hiphil perfect 2ms

הִכִּיתָ, הִכִּית, הִכִּיתַ, הִכִּיתָה

Exo 17:5, Num 22:32, 1Sa 21:9, 2Sa 12:9, 2Ki 13:19, 2Ki 14:10, 2Ch 25:19, Psa 3:7

hiphil participle m s absolute

מַּכֶּה, מַכֶּה

Gen 36:35, Exo 21:19, Num 35:21, Num 35:24, 2Sa 24:17, 1Ch 1:46, Exo 2:11, Exo 7:17

hiphil imperative 2ms

הַךְ, הַכֵּי, הַכֵּה

Exo 8:16, 2Ki 6:18, 2Ki 13:18, Ezk 21:14, Amo 9:1, Zec 13:7, 1Ki 20:35, 1Ki 20:37

hiphil imperfect 1cs

אַכֶּה, אַכֶּ

1Sa 18:11, 2Ki 6:21, 2Ki 6:21, Ezk 21:17, Zec 12:4, Zec 12:4, Num 14:12, 1Sa 26:8

hiphil consecutive-perfect 2ms

וְהִכִּיתָ, וְהִכִּיתָה

Exo 17:6, Deu 7:2, Deu 20:13, Jdg 6:16, 1Sa 23:2, 2Ki 13:17, 1Sa 15:3, 2Ki 9:7

hiphil imperfect 2ms

תַּכֶּה, תַּכֶּ

Exo 2:13, Deu 13:15, 2Ki 6:22, 2Ki 13:19, Pro 19:25, Ezk 5:2, Pro 23:13, Pro 23:14

hiphil perfect 1cs

הִכֵּיתִי, הִכִּיתִי

Jdg 15:16, Jer 2:30, Jer 33:5, Ezk 22:13, Amo 4:9, Hag 2:17, Isa 60:10, Jer 30:14

hiphil participle m p absolute

מַּכִּים, מַכִּים

1Sa 4:8, 2Ki 14:5, 2Ki 14:6, 2Ch 25:3, 2Ch 28:23, Isa 50:6

hiphil imperative 2mp

הַכּוּ, הַכֻּ

2Sa 13:28, 2Ki 10:25, Ezk 9:5, 2Ki 9:27

hiphil imperfect 3mp

יַכֻּ, יַכּוּ

2Ki 8:29, 2Ki 9:15, 2Ch 25:16, Mic 5:1

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 1cp

וַנַּכֵּ, וַנַּךְ

Deu 3:3, Deu 29:7, Deu 2:33

hiphil consecutive-perfect 2mp

וְהִכִּיתֶם

Num 25:17, Jdg 21:10, 2Ki 3:19

hiphil consecutive-perfect 3cp

וְהִכּוּ

Gen 34:30, Jer 37:15, Ezk 9:7

hiphil infinitive-absolute absolute

הַכֵּה

Deu 13:15, 1Ki 20:37, 2Ki 14:10

hophal perfect 3ms

הֻכָּה, הוּכָּה

Num 25:14, Hos 9:16, Psa 102:4

hiphil conjunctive-imperfect 1cp

וְנַכֵּ, וְנַכֶּה

Jer 18:18, Jos 10:4

hiphil conjunctive-imperfect 1cs

וְאַכֵּ, וְאַכֶּה

Isa 57:17, Jer 40:15

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 1cs

וָאַךְ, וָאַכֶּה

Exo 9:15, Neh 13:25

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3fs

וַתַּךְ

Jon 4:7, Jon 4:8

hiphil imperfect 1cp

נַכֶּ, נַכֶּה

Gen 37:21, Num 22:6

hiphil jussive 3ms

יַךְ

Hos 6:1, Hos 14:5

hophal passive-participle f s absolute

מֻּכָּה

Num 25:15, Num 25:18

hophal perfect 3fs

הֻכְּתָה

Ezk 33:21, Ezk 40:1

hiphil conjunctive-imperfect 3mp

וְיַכּוּ

Jos 7:3

hiphil perfect 2mp

הִכִּיתֶם

Jer 37:10

hophal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיֻּכּוּ

Exo 5:14

hophal consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְהֻכָּה

Exo 22:2

hophal imperfect 2mp

תֻכּוּ

Isa 1:5

hophal passive-participle m p absolute

מֻכִּים

Exo 5:16

hophal passive-participle m p construct

מֻכֵּי

Jer 18:21

hophal passive-participle m s absolute

מֻּכֶּה

Num 25:14

6 further parsings are listed under Syntax.