StrongerBible

yosher

יֹשֶׁר

HebrewH3476uprightness, straight, ...

Appears 14 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Deu 9:51Ki 9:41Ch 29:17Job 6:25Job 33:3Job 33:23Psa 25:21Psa 119:7Pro 2:13Pro 4:11Pro 11:24Pro 14:2Pro 17:26Ecc 12:10
Word studyYOH-shernoun

What yosher means

straightness, and so honesty: a motive with nothing bent in it, a life or road that runs direct rather than crooked, and what is simply right or owed

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

Hebrew builds one of its words for honesty out of a picture from the road. The root behind yosher describes whatever runs straight: a level route, a line with no bend in it. The noun keeps that picture and carries it in four directions, and Hebrew slides between them without reaching for a different word.

The largest group of uses is inward. Five times yosher turns up in the phrase "uprightness of heart": Moses telling Israel the land is no payment for their honest motives, Solomon remembering how his father walked before God, a giver insisting he has kept nothing back, a worshipper thanking God with nothing held in reserve. What is in view there is not conduct anyone can watch but whether the motive underneath it is bent. This is where the word stands closest to תֹּם, "integrity," with which it is twice paired, though that word pictures a person as whole and undivided while yosher pictures the motive as straight.

Two smaller groups stay nearer the surface picture: the settled uprightness of someone who actually lives that way, and the road itself, the "paths of uprightness" that Proverbs sets against ways of darkness. The adjective from the same root, יָשָׁר, "upright," does most of the work of calling a person or a route straight; yosher is that straightness treated as a quality in its own right.

The fourth use is the one English usually hides, because translations swap the noun for an adjective or drop it altogether. In a handful of places yosher means nothing more than what is right, fitting, or owed: honest words in Job, honest writing in Ecclesiastes, and, in two difficult lines of Proverbs, withholding from someone or striking someone contrary to what that person is due.

Nuances

1ahonest motive: a heart with nothing bent or hidden behind what it does, almost always in the phrase "uprightness of heart"
Deu 9:51Ki 3:61Ch 29:17Job 33:3Psa 119:7
1bthe settled uprightness of a person: a life that runs straight rather than crooked
TranslatabilityApproximate
1Ki 9:4Psa 25:21Pro 14:2
1cof a road or course: straight and direct, and so the right way to go
TranslatabilityApproximate
Pro 2:13Pro 4:11
1dwhat is right, fitting, or owed to someone
Job 6:25Job 33:23Pro 11:24Pro 17:26Ecc 12:10

What scholars say about yosher

The standard lexicons treat יֹשֶׁר as a single abstract noun from the root ישר, glossing it straightness and hence uprightness or rectitude, and they divide its occurrences along three or four lines: uprightness of conduct, and especially the recurring construct with לֵבָב (Deuteronomy 9:5; 1 Kings 3:6; 9:4; 1 Chronicles 29:17; Psalm 119:7; Job 33:3), straightness of way (Proverbs 2:13; 4:11), and what is right or due (Job 6:25; Ecclesiastes 12:10; Proverbs 11:24; 17:26). The feminine formation יִשְׁרָה at 1 Kings 3:6 stands in the identical construct phrase with לֵבָב and is treated here as the same noun. BDB and HALOT gloss יָשְׁרוֹ at Job 33:23 as what is right for him, taking the suffix objectively, whereas a substantial line of interpretation and several modern versions render the clause declare him upright; Clines surveys the readings and the proposed emendations at that verse. Proverbs 11:24 (מִיֹּשֶׁר) and 17:26 (עַל־יֹשֶׁר) are the other contested lines, taken either as privative or comparative expressions built on what is due or, less often, as pointing to the victims' own rectitude. Usage is concentrated in wisdom literature, in Proverbs and Job, with the remainder in Deuteronomistic and liturgical prose about walking before God. Greek translators reached most often for εὐθύτης and words built on εὐθύς, while ἁπλότης covers the sincerity nuance in later Greek.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. יֹשֶׁרlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. יֹשֶׁרlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. יֹשֶׁרlexicon
  • TWOT, s.v. יָשַׁרreference
  • NIDOTTE, s.v. ישׁרreference
  • TDOT, s.v. יָשָׁרreference
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 21-37, Word Biblical Commentary 18Acommentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1-15, New International Commentary on the Old Testamentcommentary
  • Choon-Leong Seow, Ecclesiastes, Anchor Bible 18Ccommentary

All attested forms of יֹשֶׁר

m s absolute

יֹשֶׁר, יֹּשֶׁר

1Ki 9:4, Job 6:25, Psa 25:21, Pro 2:13, Pro 4:11, Pro 17:26, Ecc 12:10, Pro 11:24

m s construct

יֹשֶׁר

Deu 9:5, 1Ch 29:17, Job 33:3, Psa 119:7

m s construct

יָשְׁרוֹ

Job 33:23, Pro 14:2