StrongerBible

davar

דָּבָר

HebrewH1697word, thing, ...

Appears 1442 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 11:1Gen 12:17Gen 15:1 (2×)Gen 15:4Gen 18:14Gen 18:25Gen 19:8Gen 19:21Gen 19:22Gen 20:8Gen 20:10Gen 20:11Gen 20:18Gen 21:11Gen 21:26Gen 22:1Gen 22:16Gen 22:20Gen 24:9Gen 24:28Gen 24:30Gen 24:33Gen 24:50Gen 24:66Gen 27:34Gen 27:42Gen 29:13Gen 30:31Gen 30:34Gen 31:1Gen 37:8Gen 39:7Gen 39:17Gen 39:19 (2×)Gen 40:1Gen 42:16Gen 42:20Gen 43:18Gen 44:2Gen 44:10Gen 44:24Gen 45:27Gen 47:30Exo 4:28Exo 5:9Exo 5:13Exo 5:19Exo 8:10(6)Exo 8:12(8)Exo 8:13(9)
Word studyResearch-gradedah-VARnoun

What davar means

a word, or the matter that word is about: anything said, and equally the affair, event, or thing being spoken of

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This one Hebrew noun reaches across two ideas English keeps in separate words: the word that is spoken, and the thing the word is about. It can mean an utterance, a speech, a command, or a promise, and just as naturally a matter, an affair, an event, or even a legal case. English has the same stretch in the word matter, which can be a topic of speech, the business at hand, or a serious affair, and it is the closest single word for what this Hebrew noun does.

The two are not separate meanings layered into every verse. They are the connected ends of one idea: speech, then the content of the speech, then the topic spoken of, then the state of affairs itself. Which end is in view is fixed by the context, not carried in the word. Most often it is simply something said. From there it leans in particular directions: when God is the speaker it becomes the message or command he sends, the ordinary noun behind the phrase the word of the LORD; in a courtroom it is the case being argued; in a narrator's hands it is the affair that took place.

A caution this entry takes seriously: an older view held that for ancient Israel the very word carried a built-in power, a charged thing that made happen what it said. Careful study has shown that this is not what the noun itself means. The Old Testament does teach that God's word accomplishes what he sends it to do, but that force belongs to God who speaks and keeps his word, not to some potency stored inside the noun. So the range here is the ordinary, wide range of a common noun for speech and the things speech is about, and nothing more is hidden in the word.

Nuances

1aa word, utterance, or speech: the thing a person says
Gen 24:66Gen 29:13Gen 32:19Gen 41:28Gen 44:7Gen 44:18Exo 14:12Exo 19:8Exo 33:17Deu 1:141Sa 18:23Pro 25:11
1bthe word of the LORD: a message, oracle, or revelation God sends, especially through a prophet
Gen 15:1 (2×)Num 22:201Sa 3:11Sa 3:211Ki 17:2Isa 55:11Jer 1:2Jer 1:4Jer 23:29Ezk 1:3Hos 1:1Jol 1:1
1ca command, commandment, or decree: an authoritative word that is meant to be obeyed
Exo 12:24Exo 16:16Exo 16:32Exo 34:28Exo 35:4Lev 8:5Lev 9:6Lev 17:2Deu 4:2Deu 4:13Deu 10:41Sa 15:10
1da promise or pledge: a word given that binds the speaker to do what it says
Gen 18:14Num 11:23Deu 9:5Jos 14:6Jos 14:10Jos 21:45Jos 23:14Jos 23:151Sa 20:231Ki 8:56Psa 105:19Psa 130:5
1ea report, news, or account: word brought of what has happened
Gen 37:14Gen 45:27Exo 33:4Num 13:26Num 22:8Deu 1:22Deu 1:25Jos 14:7Jos 22:321Sa 4:162Sa 11:182Sa 11:19
1fa matter, affair, business, or event: the thing being dealt with or the thing that happened
Gen 12:17Gen 19:21Gen 20:10Gen 21:11Gen 21:26Gen 22:1Gen 22:16Gen 22:20Gen 39:7Exo 18:19Rut 3:18Est 1:18
1ga thing, anything: a matter at its broadest, often shrinking with a negative to anything at all
Gen 18:25Gen 19:8Gen 19:22Exo 5:11Exo 9:4Lev 5:2Num 20:19Num 31:23Deu 2:7Deu 15:9Deu 17:11Sa 20:2
1ha legal case, cause, charge, or dispute: a matter brought before someone for judgment
Exo 18:16Exo 18:22Exo 18:26Exo 22:9Exo 24:14Deu 1:17Deu 13:14Deu 17:4Deu 17:8Deu 17:10Deu 17:112Sa 15:3
1ithe manner or set terms of a thing: the regulation governing how a matter is to be carried out
Exo 29:1Deu 15:2Deu 19:41Ki 9:151Ki 10:252Ki 25:301Ch 16:372Ch 8:132Ch 8:142Ch 9:242Ch 23:42Ch 31:16
1jthe record or account: the official chronicle of a reign, the acts and words of a king
1Ki 11:411Ki 14:191Ki 14:291Ki 15:71Ki 15:231Ki 15:311Ki 16:51Ki 16:141Ki 16:201Ki 16:271Ki 22:392Ch 9:29
A single small clay oil lamp burning with one steady flame in a dark stone sanctuary at night, its warm light fading into surrounding shadow. An evocation of the word of God, rare and precious, kept like a lamp that has not gone out.

What scholars say about davar

The standard lexica (BDB; HALOT; DCH, ed. Clines; Gesenius 18th ed.) treat the noun davar as a single word with a wide, context-set range: a spoken word, utterance, or speech; a command or decree; a promise; a report; and, by ordinary extension, the matter, affair, event, or business the word concerns, including a legal case and the recurring history formula the acts (words) of a king. As G. Gerleman puts it in TLOT, word and matter are not two meanings but the two inseparable sides of one notion, the polysemy arising by normal metonymy (speech, then its content, then its topic, then the state of affairs); HALOT and DCH agree. The theological dictionaries (W.H. Schmidt in TDOT; Carpenter and Grisanti in NIDOTTE; Kalland in TWOT) place particular weight on the prophetic formula the word of the LORD and on God's effective word in Genesis 1, Psalm 33:6, Isaiah 55:10-11, and Jeremiah 23:29. An older school (Lorenz Durr 1938; Oskar Grether 1934; Otto Procksch in TDNT; Thorleif Boman; the early Eichrodt and von Rad) read davar as a uniquely Hebrew fusion of word and deed charged with inherent, history-making power, a bridge toward the Johannine Logos. James Barr (The Semantics of Biblical Language, 1961) dismantled this as a lexical claim, calling it an illegitimate transfer of a word's whole range into every occurrence and a case of the root fallacy; the dynamism, he argued, belongs to the theology of God's agency, not to the meaning of the noun. Anthony Thiselton (The Supposed Power of Words in the Biblical Writings, JTS 1974) supplied the constructive alternative, explaining the binding force of blessings, curses, and oracles by the speech-act conditions of covenant and prophetic office rather than any built-in potency of the word. Their verdict is now the consensus: translate davar by the sense the context demands, and locate the power of God's word in God who speaks, not in the speaking. A separate question concerns whether the three-consonant root is one or several; the modern lexica (HALOT; DCH; Schmidt in TDOT) read the noun davar word/matter as belonging to a different root from the verb meaning to turn the back, drive, or lead (which underlies the back room of the temple, the wilderness, and the sense subdue), with the comparative Semitic evidence from Akkadian, Ugaritic, Arabic, and Ethiopic supporting the split.

Where scholars disagree about davar

Whether the noun davar carries a built-in, history-making power, a fusion of word and deed unique to Hebrew thought, or is an ordinary polysemous noun whose force in any verse comes from God's agency rather than from the word itself. An older school read davar as a charged, quasi-substantial power that effects what it says and prepares the way for the Johannine Logos. James Barr argued that this confused a true observation about God's agency with a false claim about the meaning of the word, transferring the word's whole range into every occurrence; Anthony Thiselton then explained the binding force of blessings, curses, and oracles by the conditions of covenant and prophetic office rather than by any inherent potency. The sober view, that davar is an ordinary noun and the dynamism belongs to God who speaks, is now the broad consensus among linguistically trained scholars, though the older reading survives in some theological and popular writing.

  • majoritydavar is an ordinary polysemous noun; the power belongs to God, not the word; James Barr, The Semantics of Biblical Language (1961), 129-140; Anthony C. Thiselton, "The Supposed Power of Words in the Biblical Writings," JTS 25 (1974): 283-299; G. Gerleman, "דָּבָר dābār word," TLOT 1:325-332
  • minoritydavar names a word charged with inherent, event-producing power, fusing word and deed; Lorenz Dürr, Die Wertung des göttlichen Wortes im Alten Testament und im antiken Orient (1938); Otto Procksch, "The Word of God in the Old Testament," TDNT IV, 91-100; Thorleif Boman, Hebrew Thought Compared with Greek (1960), 58-69
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, 180-184, s.v. דָּבָרlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 1:209-211, s.v. דָּבָרlexicon
  • DCH (D.J.A. Clines, ed.), The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, s.v. דָּבָרlexicon
  • W.H. Schmidt, "דָּבָר dābhār," TDOT III, 84-125dictionary
  • G. Gerleman, "דָּבָר dābār word," TLOT 1:325-332dictionary
  • Earl S. Kalland, "דָּבַר," TWOT §399dictionary
  • Eugene Carpenter and Michael A. Grisanti, "דָּבָר," NIDOTTE 1:912-915dictionary
  • James Barr, The Semantics of Biblical Language (Oxford University Press, 1961), 129-140, 218monograph
  • Anthony C. Thiselton, "The Supposed Power of Words in the Biblical Writings," Journal of Theological Studies 25 (1974): 283-299article
  • Oskar Grether, Name und Wort Gottes im Alten Testament, BZAW 64 (1934)monograph
  • Otto Procksch, "λέγω: The Word of God in the Old Testament," TDNT IV, 91-100dictionary
  • Thorleif Boman, Hebrew Thought Compared with Greek (SCM Press, 1960), 58-69monograph

All attested forms of דָּבָר

m s absolute

דָּבָר

Gen 18:14, Gen 18:25, Gen 19:8, Gen 19:21, Gen 19:22, Gen 20:10, Gen 21:11, Gen 21:26

m s construct

דְּבַר

Gen 12:17, Gen 15:1, Gen 15:4, Gen 20:11, Gen 20:18, Gen 43:18, Gen 44:2, Exo 5:13

m p construct

דִּבְרֵי

Gen 24:30, Gen 27:34, Gen 27:42, Gen 31:1, Gen 39:19, Gen 44:24, Gen 45:27, Exo 4:28

m p absolute

דְּבָרִים

Gen 11:1, Gen 15:1, Gen 20:8, Gen 22:1, Gen 22:20, Gen 24:28, Gen 24:66, Gen 29:13

m p construct

דְּבָרַי, דְּבָרָי

Deu 11:18, Deu 18:18, Deu 18:19, 1Sa 15:11, 1Ki 8:59, Neh 6:19, Job 6:3, Job 9:14

m s construct

דְּבָרְךָ, דְּבָרֶךָ

Exo 8:10, Jdg 11:10, Jdg 13:17, 1Sa 9:10, 2Sa 7:21, 1Ki 8:26, 1Ki 18:36, 1Ki 20:4

m p construct

דְּבָרָיו

Gen 37:8, Deu 4:36, Jos 20:4, Jdg 11:11, 1Sa 3:19, 1Ki 1:7, 1Ki 6:38, 2Ch 13:22

m s construct

דְּבָרוֹ

Num 30:2, 1Sa 1:23, 2Sa 17:6, 1Ki 2:4, 1Ki 8:20, 1Ki 8:56, 1Ki 12:15, 2Ki 1:16

m p construct

דְּבָרֶיךָ, דְבָרֶךָ

Jos 1:18, Jdg 13:12, 1Sa 15:24, 1Sa 28:21, 2Sa 7:28, 2Sa 19:29, 1Ki 3:12, 1Ki 10:6

m p construct

דִּבְרֵיכֶם

Gen 42:16, Gen 42:20, Gen 44:10, Deu 1:34, Deu 4:21, Deu 5:28, Jos 2:21, 1Sa 2:23

m s construct

דְּבָרִי

Num 11:23, 2Sa 19:43, 1Ki 6:12, 1Ki 17:1, Job 29:22, Isa 55:11, Isa 66:2, Jer 1:12

m p construct

דִּבְרֵיהֶם

Gen 24:52, Gen 34:18, 2Ch 9:6, Ezk 2:6, Ezk 2:6, Ezk 3:6

m p construct

דְּבָרֶיהָ

Jdg 16:16, 1Ki 10:3, 2Ch 9:2

m s construct

דְּבָרֵנוּ

Jos 2:14, Jos 2:20

m p construct

דְּבָרָיִךְ

1Ki 1:14

m s construct

דְבָרֵךְ

1Ki 17:13