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polemos

πόλεμος

GreekG4171war, battle

Appears 19 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 24:6 (2×)Mrk 13:7 (2×)Luk 14:31Luk 21:91Co 14:8Heb 11:34Jas 4:1Rev 9:7Rev 9:9Rev 11:7Rev 12:7Rev 12:17Rev 13:5Rev 13:7Rev 16:14Rev 19:19Rev 20:8
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyPOL-eh-mossnoun

What polemos means

war: open armed conflict between opposing forces, and by extension a single battle or even fierce fighting among people.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

The word covers the whole span of organized hostility, from a drawn-out war between peoples down to a single clash on the battlefield. In the Gospels it appears in the plural in Jesus' warning about "wars and rumors of wars," where it names war as a recurring feature of history rather than any one conflict.

More often in the New Testament it narrows to a specific battle or armed engagement: a king weighing whether to meet another king in the field, a trumpet call summoning soldiers to the fight, and above all the run of decisive clashes in Revelation, from the war in heaven to the final gathering of the nations.

Once it turns inward. When James asks where the "wars and fights" among believers come from, he is not describing armies but the quarreling and rivalry that tear a community apart, pairing it with μάχη, the word for a personal fight or dispute.

Nuances

1awar as a general phenomenon: organized armed conflict between peoples, often spoken of in the plural.
TranslatabilityDirect
Mat 24:6 (2×)Mrk 13:7 (2×)Luk 21:9
1ba specific battle or armed clash: a single engagement rather than a whole war.
TranslatabilityDirect
Luk 14:311Co 14:8Heb 11:34Rev 9:7Rev 9:9Rev 11:7Rev 12:7Rev 12:17Rev 13:5Rev 13:7Rev 16:14Rev 19:19
1cfighting among people: quarrels and open conflict within a community.
Jas 4:1

What scholars say about polemos

The standard lexicons (BDAG, LSJ) treat this as a single, well-established word for armed conflict, ranging from war as an ongoing state to a single battle or engagement; Louw and Nida place it in the semantic domain of war and related activities. In the New Testament it clusters in eschatological contexts: the Synoptic warning of "wars and rumors of wars" (Matthew 24:6; Mark 13:7; Luke 21:9) and the sequence of apocalyptic battles in Revelation. Bauernfeind's TDNT article traces its usage and notes the single figurative application in James 4:1, where it is paired with the word for a private quarrel to describe community strife. There is no lexical dispute over the word's meaning.

Sources

  • BDAG (Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich), s.v. πόλεμοςlexicon
  • LSJ (Liddell-Scott-Jones), s.v. πόλεμοςlexicon
  • Otto Bauernfeind, "πόλεμος, πολεμέω," in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (TDNT) 6:502-515dictionary
  • Louw and Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, 2nd ed. (1989)lexicon

All attested forms of πόλεμος

accusative m s

πόλεμον

Luk 14:31, 1Co 14:8, Rev 9:7, Rev 9:9, Rev 11:7, Rev 12:17, Rev 13:5, Rev 13:7

accusative m p

πολέμους

Mat 24:6, Mrk 13:7, Luk 21:9

genitive m p

πολέμων

Mat 24:6, Mrk 13:7

dative m s

πολέμῳ

Heb 11:34

nominative m p

πόλεμοι

Jas 4:1

nominative m s

πόλεμος

Rev 12:7