StrongerBible

tevah

תֵּבָה

HebrewH8392ark, basket, ...

Appears 28 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 6:14 (2×)Gen 6:15Gen 6:16 (2×)Gen 6:18Gen 6:19Gen 7:1Gen 7:7Gen 7:9Gen 7:13Gen 7:15Gen 7:17Exo 2:3
Word studyResearch-gradetay-VAHnoun

What tevah means

a sealed, floating box that carries chosen lives safely through deadly water

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This word names a vessel, but a very particular kind: a watertight box, sealed with pitch, that has no sail, no oar, and no rudder. It is not a ship that anyone steers. It is a container that simply floats, keeping those inside alive while the water outside would kill them. Everything about it points away from human skill and toward being kept safe by God alone.

The word is striking because the Hebrew Bible uses it for only two objects: the great vessel that carries Noah, his family, and the animals through the flood, and the little reed basket in which baby Moses is hidden on the Nile. Nothing else in the Bible is ever called by this word. That narrow range is deliberate. The writer of Exodus reaches back and picks the same rare word the flood story used, so that the basket cradling Moses quietly echoes the vessel that saved Noah. In both stories one chosen life is sealed inside a box and brought safely through water that means death for everyone outside.

The two uses differ only in scale and setting, not in meaning. One is an enormous three-decked structure of gopher wood; the other is a baby's basket of woven papyrus. But both are the same idea: a passive, sealed craft of rescue. The single English problem is that the older Bibles call the large one an "ark," which makes readers confuse it with the gold-covered ark of the covenant. In Hebrew those are two completely different words for two completely different things.

Nuances

1athe great vessel God tells Noah to build, which carries him, his family, and the animals through the flood
Gen 6:14 (2×)Gen 6:15Gen 6:16 (2×)Gen 6:18Gen 6:19Gen 7:1Gen 7:7Gen 7:9Gen 7:13Gen 7:15Gen 7:17Gen 7:18
1bthe papyrus basket in which Moses's mother hides him and sets him afloat on the Nile
Exo 2:3Exo 2:5

What scholars say about tevah

The standard lexicons treat תֵּבָה as a container word, "chest, box," not a maritime term: BDB "ark, properly chest, box"; HALOT "box, chest; ark (Noah); basket (Moses)"; Gesenius18 "Kasten, Lade, Behaelter." Most flag it as a likely Egyptian loanword from dba.t / tbt "chest, coffin, shrine," a derivation argued in detail by Lambdin and Cohen and accepted as the present consensus by Noonan; the standard lexicons note but do not prefer Finkel's revived Akkadian tubbu alternative. Scholarship is effectively unanimous that the word's appearance in only the Noah and Moses narratives is deliberate, framing Moses as a new Noah preserved through water (Cassuto, Sarna, Propp, Childs, Alter, Fox). Several writers (TDOT, Sarna, NIDOTTE) stress that the narrator chose this rare word precisely to avoid אֲרוֹן, which by the canonical period was lexically owned by the covenant ark and Joseph's coffin.

Where scholars disagree about tevah

The origin of the word תֵּבָה: whether it is an Egyptian loanword or a Mesopotamian one.

  • majorityAn Egyptian loanword, from dba.t / tbt "chest, coffin, shrine"; the phonological correspondences are regular and fit the Egyptian setting of the Moses narrative. This is the prevailing view in current scholarship.; Thomas O. Lambdin, "Egyptian Loan Words in the Old Testament," JAOS 73 (1953): 145-155, esp. 153; Benjamin J. Noonan, Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible (LSAWS 14; University Park: Eisenbrauns, 2019); HALOT, vol. 4, p. 1678, s.v. תֵּבָה
  • minorityA Mesopotamian loanword, from Akkadian tubbu, a rare term for an oblong river-boat, fitting the Mesopotamian setting of the flood story; or both descend from a non-Semitic loanword that traveled across languages.; Irving Finkel, The Ark Before Noah (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2014)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, p. 1061, s.v. תֵּבָהlexicon
  • HALOT, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, vol. 4, p. 1678, s.v. תֵּבָהlexicon
  • Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebraeisches und Aramaeisches Handwoerterbuch, 18th ed. (Donner et al., 2013), p. 1462, s.v. תֵּבָהlexicon
  • H.-J. Zobel, "תֵּבָה," Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), vol. 15, pp. 550-552theological-dictionary
  • A. H. Konkel, "תֵּבָה" (#8930), New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE), vol. 4, p. 272theological-dictionary
  • Thomas O. Lambdin, "Egyptian Loan Words in the Old Testament," Journal of the American Oriental Society 73 (1953): 145-155, esp. 153article
  • Chaim Cohen, "Hebrew tbh: Proposed Etymologies," Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 4 (1972): 36-51article
  • Yoshiyuki Muchiki, Egyptian Proper Names and Loanwords in North-West Semitic (SBLDS 173; Atlanta: SBL, 1999), pp. 257-258monograph
  • Benjamin J. Noonan, Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible (LSAWS 14; University Park: Eisenbrauns, 2019)monograph
  • Nahum M. Sarna, Genesis (JPS Torah Commentary; Philadelphia: JPS, 1989), p. 51commentary
  • Nahum M. Sarna, Exodus (JPS Torah Commentary; Philadelphia: JPS, 1991), p. 9commentary
  • Umberto Cassuto, A Commentary on the Book of Genesis, part II (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1964), p. 59commentary
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18 (Anchor Bible 2; New York: Doubleday, 1999), pp. 158-159commentary
  • James S. Ackerman, "The Literary Context of the Moses Birth Story (Exodus 1-2)," in Literary Interpretations of Biblical Narratives, ed. K. R. R. Gros Louis (Nashville: Abingdon, 1974), pp. 74-119article
  • Irving Finkel, The Ark Before Noah (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2014)monograph

All attested forms of תֵּבָה

f s absolute

תֵּבָה

Gen 6:14, Gen 6:15, Gen 6:16, Gen 6:16, Gen 6:18, Gen 6:19, Gen 7:1, Gen 7:7

f s construct

תֵּבַת

Gen 6:14, Exo 2:3