StrongerBible

sharaq

שָׁרַק

HebrewH8319hiss, whistle, ...

Appears 12 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Ki 9:8Job 27:23Isa 5:26Isa 7:18Jer 19:8Jer 49:17Jer 50:13Lam 2:15Lam 2:16Ezk 27:36Zep 2:15Zec 10:8
Root family
Word studyshah-RAHKverb

What sharaq means

to whistle: to force a thin, sharp sound through the lips, either at a ruin in shock or scorn, or at someone being summoned

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

The word names a sound rather than a feeling. Someone forces air sharply through the lips and makes a thin, piercing noise, and the meaning comes from why they do it. The Old Testament puts that same whistle in three settings:

  • a traveler passing a ruined city, who stops and whistles at what he sees
  • an enemy standing over someone brought low, whistling in triumph
  • a master whistling for what he wants, and it comes

The first two account for most of the occurrences. A prophet describes a city under judgment, then describes the reaction of whoever walks past: he is appalled, and he whistles. The gesture rarely stands alone, arriving alongside clapped hands, a shaken head, or a raised fist. Jeremiah goes further and turns the reaction into a title for the city, pairing this verb with a noun built from the same root (שְׁרֵקָה), so that a ruined Jerusalem becomes a thing people whistle at.

The third setting turns the sound outward as a summons. A herdsman whistles and his animals come. Isaiah takes that ordinary picture and makes it frightening, because it is God who whistles and an empire that answers, marching from the ends of the earth as readily as a swarm of bees. Zechariah then uses the same image for mercy: God whistles for his scattered people, and they come home.

Nuances

1athe whistle of someone passing a place that has been destroyed, appalled at what he sees
1Ki 9:8Jer 19:8Jer 49:17Jer 50:13Ezk 27:36Zep 2:15
1bthe whistle of an enemy jeering in triumph over someone brought down
Job 27:23Lam 2:15Lam 2:16
1cto whistle as a signal, calling someone or something to come
TranslatabilityDirect
Isa 5:26Isa 7:18Zec 10:8

What scholars say about sharaq

The standard lexica (BDB; HALOT; DCH) treat שׁרק as a single root attested twelve times, all in the qal, with two applications: hissing or whistling in derision and horror over a devastated place or a humbled person, and whistling as a signal that summons. The derisive use is largely a prophetic formula: Jeremiah's stock description of the passerby who is appalled (שׁמם) and whistles (1 Kings 9:8; Jeremiah 19:8; 49:17; 50:13), reinforced by the cognate noun שְׁרֵקָה in the curse pairing לְשַׁמָּה וְלִשְׁרֵקָה. Commentators disagree over the affective content of that whistle: it is variously explained as horrified astonishment, as apotropaic warding against the fate that struck the site, and as straightforward scorn, and the accompanying gestures (clapping, head shaking, hand shaking) in Lamentations 2:15 to 16, Job 27:23 and Zephaniah 2:15 are usually read as belonging to the vocabulary of public mockery. The signal use in Isaiah 5:26 and 7:18 draws on herding and beekeeping practice, with the whistle marking the summoned agent as an instrument under command; Zechariah 10:8 inverts the motif for the regathering of the exiles. Job 27:23 is text-critically and syntactically ambiguous over whether the subject is impersonal onlookers or the east wind of verse 21.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. שָׁרַקlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. שׁרקlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. שׁרקlexicon
  • TWOT (Harris, Archer, Waltke, eds.), s.v. שׁרקtheological-dictionary
  • Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 1-12 (Continental Commentary), on Isaiah 5:26 and 7:18commentary
  • Adele Berlin, Lamentations (Old Testament Library), on Lamentations 2:15-16commentary

All attested forms of שָׁרַק

qal conjunctive-imperfect 3ms

וְיִשְׁרֹק

Job 27:23, Jer 19:8, Jer 49:17, Jer 50:13

qal perfect 3cp

שָׁרְקוּ

Lam 2:15, Lam 2:16, Ezk 27:36

qal consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְשָׁרַק, וְשָׁרָק

Isa 5:26, 1Ki 9:8

qal imperfect 3ms

יִשְׁרֹק

Isa 7:18, Zep 2:15

qal cohortative 1cs

אֶשְׁרְקָה

Zec 10:8