StrongerBible

shena

שְׁנָא

AramaicH8133change, diverse, ...

Appears 21 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezr 6:11Ezr 6:12Dan 2:9Dan 2:21Dan 3:19Dan 3:27Dan 3:28Dan 4:16(13)Dan 5:6Dan 5:9Dan 5:10Dan 6:8(9)Dan 6:15(16)Dan 6:17(18)Dan 7:3Dan 7:7Dan 7:19Dan 7:23Dan 7:24Dan 7:25Dan 7:28
Word studysheh-NAHverb

What shena means

to become or be other than before: to change, be altered, or be different in kind

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

At its heart this Aramaic verb marks a departure from what was, or a standing apart from the rest. The same word covers a face that suddenly goes pale, a heart that turns wild, a beast unlike any other, and a royal order that someone dares to overturn. In every case something is no longer as it was, or is not as its neighbor is.

The book of Daniel leans on the word in two intransitive directions. Again and again a person's expression "changes" under fear or fury: Belshazzar's face falls at the writing on the wall, Nebuchadnezzar's look hardens against the three young men, and Daniel's own color drains away after his visions. In the dream of the four beasts the same verb turns outward instead, describing creatures and kingdoms that are each "different" from the others, one strange empire after another.

Its sharpest use is legal. A Persian decree, once issued, "cannot be changed," and Ezra's building order threatens anyone who would "alter" it. That fixed-law sense carries a theological charge: God is the one who "changes the times and the seasons," yet the arrogant little horn will "think to change the set times and the law." The same verb, used first of God and then of the creature, quietly frames the horn's ambition as a grasp at what belongs to God alone.

Nuances

1ato be different: distinct in kind from something else
TranslatabilityDirect
Dan 7:3Dan 7:7Dan 7:19Dan 7:23Dan 7:24
1bto change, be altered: to shift from a previous state, especially of a face, mind, or condition
TranslatabilityDirect
Dan 2:9Dan 3:19Dan 3:27Dan 4:16(13)Dan 5:6Dan 5:9Dan 5:10Dan 6:17(18)Dan 7:28
1cto change something: to alter or set aside a decree, law, command, or fixed order
TranslatabilityDirect
Ezr 6:11Ezr 6:12Dan 2:21Dan 3:28Dan 6:8(9)Dan 6:15(16)Dan 7:25

What scholars say about shena

Standard Aramaic lexica (HALOT, s.v. שׁנא; BDB Aramaic section) treat this as a single verb whose nuance tracks its conjugation: the peal is intransitive ("be different, be changed"), the pael and the causative haphel/aphel are transitive ("change, alter" a decree, times, or law), and the reflexive-passive hitpaal/ishtaphal covers a countenance or mind being changed. Commentators on Daniel (Collins, Daniel [Hermeneia]; Goldingay, Daniel [WBC]) note the deliberate echo between 2:21, where God "changes times and seasons," and 7:25, where the fourth-kingdom horn presumes to "change times and law," reading the repetition as a theological claim about usurped sovereignty. The verb is confined to Biblical Aramaic (Daniel and Ezra) and is cognate with Hebrew שׁנה.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. שׁנא (Aramaic)lexicon
  • BDB, Aramaic section, s.v. שׁנאlexicon
  • J. J. Collins, Daniel (Hermeneia)commentary
  • J. Goldingay, Daniel (Word Biblical Commentary)commentary

All attested forms of שְׁנָא

haphel infinitive-construct construct

הַשְׁנָיָה

Ezr 6:12, Dan 6:8, Dan 6:15, Dan 7:25

peal imperfect 2ms

תִשְׁנֵא

Dan 6:17, Dan 7:23

peal perfect 3mp

שְׁנוֹ

Dan 3:27, Dan 5:6

haphel imperfect 3ms

יְהַשְׁנֵא

Ezr 6:11

haphel participle m s absolute

מְהַשְׁנֵא

Dan 2:21

pael imperfect 3mp

יְשַׁנּוֹן

Dan 4:16

pael participle f s absolute

מְשַׁנְּיָה

Dan 7:7

pael perfect 3mp

שַׁנִּיו

Dan 3:28

peal imperfect 3ms

יִשְׁנֵא

Dan 7:24

peal participle f p absolute

שָׁנְיָן

Dan 7:3

peal participle f s absolute

שָׁנְיָה

Dan 7:19

peal participle m p absolute

שָׁנַיִן

Dan 5:9

pual imperfect 3mp

יִשְׁתַּנּוֹן

Dan 7:28

pual imperfect 3ms

יִשְׁתַּנֵּא

Dan 2:9

pual jussive 3mp

יִשְׁתַּנּוֹ

Dan 5:10

pual perfect 3ms

אֶשְׁתַּנִּי

Dan 3:19