StrongerBible

sakhar

שָׂכָר

HebrewH7939wages, reward, ...

Appears 28 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 15:1Gen 30:18Gen 30:28Gen 30:32Gen 30:33Gen 31:8 (2×)Exo 2:9Exo 22:15(14)Num 18:31Deu 15:18Deu 24:151Ki 5:6(20)2Ch 15:7Psa 127:3Ecc 4:9Ecc 9:5Isa 40:10Isa 62:11Jer 31:16Ezk 29:18Ezk 29:19Jon 1:3Zec 8:10 (2×)Zec 11:12 (2×)Mal 3:5
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyResearch-gradesah-KHARnoun

What sakhar means

pay owed for service rendered: the wages, hire, fare, or reward due for work done or loyalty shown

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This is the everyday Hebrew word for what a worker is owed. It covers:

  • a shepherd's contracted pay
  • a nurse's fee
  • a day-laborer's daily wage
  • the price to rent an animal
  • the fare for a boat

At its core it names one thing: recompense that is owed for a service, and it always carries the flavor of a real agreement between an employer and a worker.

What makes the word remarkable is that biblical Hebrew uses this same wage-word for the reward God gives. When God tells Abram his reward will be very great, when God promises weeping Rachel that there is a reward for her labor, or when children are called a reward, the language is drawn straight from the labor contract. The Hebrew Bible does not keep a separate, more spiritual word for divine reward. It pictures God as the ultimate employer who pays what he has promised, so the weight of the theological reward rests on the concreteness of an ordinary wage.

The range runs from the fully secular to the fully theological without a break. Deuteronomy commands that a hired man be paid before sundown, and Isaiah announces that God returns with his reward in hand, using the very same noun. Even the wisdom writers hold the word to earth: for the Preacher, the reward of toil is the good it yields in this life, and the dead have no reward left to them.

Because the same word does all of this work, English translations have to rotate among wages, hire, fare, and reward depending on the verse, and no single English word can carry the whole range at once.

Nuances

1awages: the pay a worker earns and is owed for labor done
Gen 30:28Gen 30:32Gen 30:33Gen 31:8 (2×)Exo 2:9Num 18:31Deu 15:18Deu 24:151Ki 5:6(20)Ezk 29:18Ezk 29:19Zec 8:10 (2×)
1bhire or fare: the fee paid to rent an animal or to buy passage
Exo 22:15(14)Jon 1:3
1creward: the recompense God promises or gives for faithfulness, spoken of in the language of wages
Gen 15:1Gen 30:182Ch 15:7Psa 127:3Isa 40:10Isa 62:11Jer 31:16
1dthe return that toil yields: the gain or benefit a person gets from their own work
Ecc 4:9Ecc 9:5

What scholars say about sakhar

The lexica agree on the semantic map and differ only at the edges: BDB divides the noun into wages, reward, and fare; HALOT adds a hire-price for an object; DCH (Clines) extends the corpus to Ben Sira and Qumran, where the eschatological reward sense hardens (1QS 4:6-8, an eternal reward). Two theological-dictionary treatments frame the trajectory differently. Fabry (TDOT) argues that even divine sakhar never fully leaves the quid-pro-quo logic of the labor contract, rooted in deuteronomic retribution theology. Sauer (TLOT) resists a single diachronic story and distinguishes God as guarantor of human wages (Deut 24:15; Mal 3:5) from God as paymaster who gives sakhar for religious loyalty (Gen 15:1; Isa 40:10). The comparative Semitic picture involves two distinct Proto-Semitic roots serving one economic function: the West Semitic root behind Hebrew, Ugaritic skr, and Geez, alongside the eastern root behind Akkadian igru and the Aramaic loan agra, so that Akkadian igru and Hebrew sakhar are interchangeable in the ancient labor market without being etymologically identical (Kogan; Kaufman; Mankowski). The homophony with the word for strong drink is coincidental, from a separate root, as every major lexicon holds. A fixed word-pair (sakhar with peullah) binds Isa 40:10, Isa 62:11, and Jer 31:16, and 2 Chr 15:7 quotes the Jeremiah formula. Greenberg reads Ezek 29:17-20, where God pays Nebuchadnezzar with Egypt, as a prophet openly amending an invalidated earlier oracle. A substantive modern debate concerns whether this vocabulary seeds Second Temple merit theology: Anderson (Sin: A History; Charity) traces a line from Prov 11:18 into rabbinic merit and treasure-in-heaven language, Gathercole argues Second Temple sources make obedience-and-reward a criterion of final vindication, partly correcting Sanders's covenantal-nomism reading in which reward operates inside grace rather than as merit.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. שָׂכָר, p. 969lexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. שָׂכָר, IV:1331-32lexicon
  • D. J. A. Clines, DCH, s.v. שָׂכָרlexicon
  • H.-J. Fabry, "שָׂכָר," TDOT XIVtheological dictionary
  • G. Sauer, "שׂכר," TLOT (ET 1997)theological dictionary
  • Nahum Sarna, Genesis, JPS Torah Commentarycommentary
  • Gordon Wenham, Genesis 16-50, Word Biblical Commentarycommentary
  • Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 21-37, Anchor Biblecommentary
  • Michael V. Fox, A Time to Tear Down and a Time to Build Up: Ecclesiastescommentary
  • Gary A. Anderson, Sin: A History (2009)monograph
  • Simon Gathercole, Where Is Boasting? (2002)monograph
  • Stephen A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic, AS 19 (1974)monograph

All attested forms of שָׂכָר

m s absolute

שָׂכָר

Num 18:31, 2Ch 15:7, Psa 127:3, Ecc 4:9, Ecc 9:5, Jer 31:16, Ezk 29:18, Ezk 29:19

m s construct

שְׂכַר

Deu 15:18, 1Ki 5:6, Zec 8:10, Zec 8:10, Mal 3:5

m s construct

שְׂכָרִי

Gen 30:18, Gen 30:32, Gen 30:33, Zec 11:12, Zec 11:12

m s construct

שְׂכָרְךָ, שְׂכָרֶךָ

Gen 15:1, Gen 30:28, Gen 31:8, Gen 31:8

m s construct

שְׂכָרוֹ

Exo 22:15, Deu 24:15, Isa 40:10, Isa 62:11

m s construct

שְׂכָרֵךְ

Exo 2:9

m s construct

שְׂכָרָהּ

Jon 1:3