StrongerBible

qasam

קָסַם

HebrewH7080practice divination, diviner, ...

Appears 20 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Deu 18:10Deu 18:14Jos 13:221Sa 6:21Sa 28:82Ki 17:17Isa 3:2Isa 44:25Jer 27:9Jer 29:8Ezk 13:9Ezk 13:23Ezk 21:21(26)Ezk 21:23(28)Ezk 21:29(34)Ezk 22:28Mic 3:6Mic 3:7Mic 3:11Zec 10:2
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradekah-SAHMverb

What qasam means

to practice divination: to seek out or hand on hidden and future knowledge through mantic technique, rather than through a genuine word from God

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

At its core this is a professional's word. A diviner was a paid specialist who tried to uncover hidden or future things by set techniques: casting or dividing lots, shaking marked arrows, consulting small household images or the dead, or reading the liver of a sacrificed animal. Such specialists worked all across the ancient world, and the Bible can name them plainly and without heat, as it does the Philistine diviners who advise their leaders, or the Babylonian king who halts at a crossroads and shakes his arrows to decide which way to march.

Inside Israel the same activity is placed off-limits. Because Israel already had God's own authorized ways of hearing from him, this whole enterprise became something the nations do and Israel must not (Deuteronomy 18). Even Balaam, a real foreign diviner whom God nonetheless used, is finally labeled simply "the diviner" and put to death. So the word carries a double life: a neutral, descriptive act among the nations, and a forbidden one for the covenant people.

The sharpest turn comes when the prophets aim the word at Israel's own prophets. To brand a message as mere divination was to say it came from the speaker, not from God: when a man only seemed to prophesy (נָבָא), Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Micah called it divining instead. Micah even jabs that these prophets "divine for money," which is exactly what a diviner had always been, a paid oracle. This is why the same word can describe both a pagan expert and a discredited Israelite prophet.

Behind the whole range lies an old idea of dividing or apportioning by lot. To draw a lot was to be handed your share, so the one root could cover the drawing of arrows, the fee paid for an oracle, and, in the end, any claim to secret knowledge won on human terms.

Nuances

1ato practice divination as an actual mantic craft: to seek or deliver hidden and future knowledge by recognized techniques such as lots, arrows, spirits, or omens
Deu 18:10Deu 18:14Jos 13:221Sa 6:21Sa 28:82Ki 17:17Isa 3:2Isa 44:25Ezk 21:21(26)Ezk 21:23(28)Ezk 21:29(34)
1bto divine falsely: to deliver oracles not truly from God, the prophets' stinging charge that a rival's supposed prophecy is mere divination
Jer 27:9Jer 29:8Ezk 13:9Ezk 13:23Ezk 22:28Mic 3:6Mic 3:7Mic 3:11Zec 10:2

What scholars say about qasam

Every major lexicon glosses the verb "to practise divination, give an oracle" (BDB; HALOT, which treats it as denominative from the noun קֶסֶם; DCH, which also registers a possible homonym קסם II "be pleasant, charm"). The reconstructed West-Semitic root is *q-s-m "to divide, apportion," narrowed to divinatory activity through the bridge of cleromancy: to draw a lot is to receive one's portion. The strongest cognate evidence is Arabic qasama "to divide, allot, swear," qismah "allotted portion, fate," and the technical istaqsama, belomancy by shaking marked arrows (Fahd, La divination arabe); Ethiopic qasama keeps only the archaic "divide, swear," and Akkadian offers no verb meaning "to divine," so the mantic specialization looks like a Northwest-Semitic and Arabic innovation. The Deir Alla plaster inscription attests the root in a Transjordanian dialect in connection with Balaam. A central lexical debate runs between an umbrella reading (the word covers divinatory activity in general: Jeffers; Van Dam, NIDOTTE; Cryer, ABD) and a specific-technique reading (originally lot- or arrow-casting: BDB; Fahd; Kitz, CBQ), with a mediating diachronic view that it began technical and was broadened by covenant polemic (Cryer 1994; Stokl; Schmitt). Deuteronomy 18:10-14 is the theological pivot, with קֹסֵם קְסָמִים widely read as the umbrella heading over the list. The fullest description is Ezekiel 21:21-23, where the king "divines a divination" and then performs three named techniques: belomancy (shaking arrows), consultation of teraphim, and reading the liver, each with attested ancient Near Eastern parallels (Zimmerli; Greenberg; Block). The classical prophets radicalize the term: Jeremiah sets prophets and diviners in strict parallel and treats the label as pure delegitimation (Holladay; Carroll); Ezekiel, a priest, weaponizes it, pairing קֶסֶם with words for "lie" and "emptiness" and pronouncing covenant exclusion on false prophets (Zimmerli; Greenberg; Block; with a dissenting sociological reading of the female figures in Ezekiel 13:17-23 by Bowen, JBL 1999); Micah 3:11 revives the primal link with fees, "for silver they divine" (Wolff's "bitter etymological joke"). Two neutral outliers stand out: the Philistine diviners of 1 Samuel 6:2 and the socially recognized functionary of Isaiah 3:2. The sole positive occurrence is the noun in Proverbs 16:10, where קֶסֶם on a king's lips is best taken as an authoritative or oracular verdict (Davies, Biblica 1980; Fox; Waltke). The Septuagint renders the cluster with programmatic consistency by the μαντ-family (μαντεύομαι, μαντεία, μάντις), reserving προφητ-vocabulary for genuine prophecy, a differentiation Tov reads as a deliberate policy preserving the prophecy-versus-divination boundary; the μαντ-lexicon carries into the New Testament at Acts 16:16.

Where scholars disagree about qasam

Whether קסם is a broad umbrella term for divination in general, or originally named one specific technique (dividing or casting lots, or drawing marked arrows) that was only later generalized.

  • majorityIt is a general umbrella term covering divinatory activity as a whole, which is why Deuteronomy 18 uses it to head a list of practices and Ezekiel 21 uses it to cover three distinct techniques at once.; Ann Jeffers, Magic and Divination in Ancient Palestine and Syria (Brill, 1996), 74-75, 96-97; Cornelis Van Dam, "קסם," NIDOTTE 3:945-51
  • minorityIt originally named a specific technique, the casting or dividing of lots or the drawing of headless arrows, on the strength of the root sense "divide, apportion" and the Arabic belomancy evidence.; BDB, s.v. קָסַם (890); Toufic Fahd, La divination arabe (Brill, 1966); Anne Marie Kitz, "The Hebrew Terminology of Lot Casting," CBQ 62 (2000): 207-14
  • contestedBoth are right across time: the word began as a technical term (probably for lot-casting) and was broadened by Deuteronomic and priestly polemic into a default label for any illegitimate mantic practice.; Frederick H. Cryer, Divination in Ancient Israel (Sheffield Academic, 1994), 325-29; Jonathan Stokl, Prophecy in the Ancient Near East (CHANE 56; Brill, 2012), 7-14; Rudiger Schmitt, Magie im Alten Testament (AOAT 313; Ugarit-Verlag, 2004)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. קָסַם, קֶסֶם, מִקְסָם (890)lexicon
  • L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), s.v. קסם (III:1115-16)lexicon
  • D. J. A. Clines (ed.), Dictionary of Classical Hebrew (DCH), VII s.v. קסם (268-70)lexicon
  • Manfred Gorg, "קָסַם qāsam," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) XIII (Eerdmans, 2004), 72-79theological-dictionary
  • Cornelis Van Dam, "קסם," in New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE) 3:945-51theological-dictionary
  • Ann Jeffers, Magic and Divination in Ancient Palestine and Syria (SHCANE 8; Brill, 1996), 74-75, 96-98monograph
  • Frederick H. Cryer, Divination in Ancient Israel and Its Near Eastern Environment (JSOTSup 142; Sheffield Academic, 1994), 325-29monograph
  • Toufic Fahd, La divination arabe (Brill, 1966)monograph
  • Jacob Milgrom, Numbers (JPS Torah Commentary; JPS, 1990), Excursus 60commentary
  • Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel 1 (Hermeneia; Fortress, 1979), 281-99, 442-48commentary
  • Daniel I. Block, Ezekiel 1-24 (NICOT; Eerdmans, 1997), 391-410, 682-91commentary
  • Moshe Greenberg, Ezekiel 21-37 (AB 22A; Doubleday, 1997), 421-35commentary
  • E. W. Davies, "The Meaning of qesem in Prv 16:10," Biblica 61 (1980): 554-56article
  • Anne Marie Kitz, "The Hebrew Terminology of Lot Casting and Its Ancient Near Eastern Context," CBQ 62 (2000): 207-14article
  • Emanuel Tov, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research, 3rd ed. (Eisenbrauns, 2015)monograph

All attested forms of קָסַם

qal participle m p absolute

קֹסְמִים, קֹּסְמִים, וְהַקּוֹסְמִים

Deu 18:14, Isa 44:25, Ezk 22:28, 1Sa 6:2, Ezk 13:9, Mic 3:7, Zec 10:2

qal infinitive-construct construct

קְסָם, קְּסֹם

Ezk 21:21, Ezk 21:23, Ezk 21:29, Mic 3:6

qal participle m s absolute

קֹסֵם, הַקּוֹסֵם

Deu 18:10, Isa 3:2, Jos 13:22

qal participle m p construct

קֹסְמֵי

Jer 27:9, Jer 29:8

qal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיִּקְסְמוּ

2Ki 17:17

qal imperative 2fs

קָסֳמִי

1Sa 28:8

qal imperfect 2fp

תִקְסַמְנָה

Ezk 13:23

qal imperfect 3mp

יִקְסֹמוּ

Mic 3:11