StrongerBible

tseva

צְבָא

AramaicH6634will, wishes, ...

Appears 10 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Dan 4:17(14)Dan 4:25(22)Dan 4:32(29)Dan 4:35(32)Dan 5:19 (4×)Dan 5:21Dan 7:19
Root family
Word studytseh-VAHverb

What tseva means

to will, to want: to settle on what you want done, usually said of someone whose wanting is enough to make it happen.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is an Aramaic verb, and every one of its appearances falls inside the Aramaic chapters of Daniel. It is an ordinary word for wanting, but Daniel puts it to a very specific use. In almost every case the one doing the wanting also has the power to act on it, so the wanting and the deciding are a single motion. There is no gap here between wishing and doing.

Four times the book repeats one sentence about God: he gives the kingdom to whomever he wills (Daniel 4:17; 4:25; 4:32; 5:21). Nothing is added about conditions, merit, or advisers. That is the point of the refrain. The handing out of empires runs on this one verb and nothing else, and Nebuchadnezzar has to lose his mind and his throne before he learns it.

Then Daniel 5:19 turns the same verb four times in a single sentence, and this time the subject is Nebuchadnezzar himself: whomever he wanted he killed, whomever he wanted he spared, whomever he wanted he raised up, whomever he wanted he brought low. The echo is deliberate. A human king had come to act with exactly the freedom the book has just said belongs to God alone, which is why the very next verse says his heart grew proud and he was brought down.

Once the word steps out of the throne room entirely. In Daniel 7:19 the prophet says he wanted to know the truth about the fourth beast. Here it is a plain, powerless wish: a man who has seen something terrible and would like it explained. The same verb, with no throne behind it, is simply wanting.

Nuances

1ato will something and thereby settle it: the choosing of one who has the power to carry it out
Dan 4:17(14)Dan 4:25(22)Dan 4:32(29)Dan 5:19 (4×)Dan 5:21
1bwhat someone wills, spoken of as a thing in itself: his choosing, his pleasure
Dan 4:35(32)
1cto want to do something: an ordinary wish, with no power behind it
TranslatabilityDirect
Dan 7:19

What scholars say about tseva

The standard lexica are unanimous on this Biblical Aramaic verb: HALOT (Aramaic volume) and BDB's Aramaic section both give "to wish, desire, be willing, be pleased", and the root is widely attested outside the Bible in Imperial Aramaic, the Targums, and Syriac. All ten occurrences are in the Aramaic portion of Daniel (4:17, 4:25, 4:32, 4:35, 5:19 four times, 5:21, 7:19). The infinitive with pronominal suffix in Daniel 4:35 is read as a verbal noun ("according to his will"), a construction Rosenthal treats among the ordinary uses of the peal infinitive. Commentators on Daniel note the deliberate rhetorical link between the fourfold divine formula of chapter 4 and the fourfold predication of the same verb to Nebuchadnezzar in 5:19, which sets up the charge of hubris in 5:20. The verb is unrelated to the Hebrew noun צָבָא ("army, host") and to the Hebrew verb צָבָא ("to serve, wage war"), despite the identical consonants.

Sources

  • Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), Aramaic section, s.v. צבאlexicon
  • Francis Brown, S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (BDB), Aramaic section, s.v. צְבָאlexicon
  • Franz Rosenthal, A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, 7th expanded ed. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006)grammar
  • John J. Collins, Daniel, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993)commentary
  • Carol A. Newsom, Daniel: A Commentary, Old Testament Library (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2014)commentary

All attested forms of צְבָא

peal imperfect 3ms

יִצְבֵּא, יִצְבֵּה

Dan 4:17, Dan 4:25, Dan 4:32, Dan 5:21

peal participle m s absolute

צָבֵא

Dan 5:19, Dan 5:19, Dan 5:19, Dan 5:19

peal infinitive-construct construct

מִצְבְּיֵ

Dan 4:35

peal perfect 1cs

צְבִית

Dan 7:19