StrongerBible

atsav

עָצָב

HebrewH6091idol, image

Appears 17 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Sa 31:92Sa 5:211Ch 10:92Ch 24:18Psa 106:36Psa 106:38Psa 115:4Psa 135:15Isa 10:11Isa 46:1Jer 50:2Hos 4:17Hos 8:4Hos 13:2Hos 14:8(9)Mic 1:7Zec 13:2
Root family
Word studyah-TSAHVnoun

What atsav means

an idol: a man-made image set up and worshipped as a false god

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This word always names an idol, a physical image people crafted and then treated as if it were a god. It shows up only in the plural, as "idols," and never once in a good light: every time, the Bible is condemning or mocking the worship of these objects.

Much of its punch comes from how it sounds. The same three consonants spell a common Hebrew word for "pain, toil, and grief." So to a Hebrew ear the term for an idol echoes the word for sorrow and hard labor, hinting that these images are worthless things of trouble, made with effort yet good for nothing. Whether or not that pun was heard in every verse, it fits the scorn the word always carries.

The prophets reach for it constantly, Hosea most of all, to expose the folly of Israel trading its living God for lumps of shaped metal. The Psalms drive the same point by describing what idols are actually made of: silver and gold, the work of human hands, with mouths that cannot speak and eyes that cannot see.

Hebrew has several scornful words for these objects, each with its own sting: the dung-word גִּלּוּל, the nothing-word אֱלִיל, and the carving-word פֶּסֶל. This one stresses that an idol is a fashioned, man-made thing, likely with the bitter overtone of grief woven in.

1Sa 31:92Sa 5:211Ch 10:92Ch 24:18Psa 106:36Psa 106:38Psa 115:4Psa 135:15Isa 10:11Isa 46:1Jer 50:2Hos 4:17

What scholars say about atsav

The noun occurs 17 times, always in the plural, and always with a pejorative sense denoting the images of foreign or apostate worship. It is standardly derived from the root ʿ-ṣ-b "to shape, fashion, form" (so an idol is "a fashioned thing"), and most lexica and commentators note a probable deliberate assonance with the homonymous root ʿ-ṣ-b "to hurt, grieve, toil," reinforcing the prophetic portrayal of idols as worthless objects of sorrow and futile labor. Usage clusters in the prophets, above all Hosea, and in the anti-idol polemic of Psalms 115 and 135, which mock idols as the mute, lifeless work of human hands. It stands alongside a family of contemptuous terms for idols (gillulim, elilim, pesel), each foregrounding a different note of derision.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. עָצָבlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. עָצָבlexicon
  • TDOT, s.v. עֶצֶב / עָצָבtheological-dictionary

All attested forms of עָצָב

m p absolute

עֲצַבִּים

2Ch 24:18, Hos 4:17, Hos 8:4, Hos 13:2, Hos 14:8, Zec 13:2

m p construct

עֲצַבֵּיהֶם

1Sa 31:9, 2Sa 5:21, 1Ch 10:9, Psa 106:36, Psa 115:4, Isa 46:1

m p construct

עֲצַבֶּיהָ

Isa 10:11, Jer 50:2, Mic 1:7

m p construct

עֲצַבֵּי

Psa 106:38, Psa 135:15