StrongerBible

salal

סָלַל

HebrewH5549build up, cast up, ...

Appears 12 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 9:17Job 19:12Job 30:12Psa 68:4(5)Pro 4:8Pro 15:19Isa 57:14 (2×)Isa 62:10 (2×)Jer 18:15Jer 50:26
Root family
Word studysah-LALverb

What salal means

1

to heap earth and stone up high: to build a raised road or ramp, or to pile something into a mound

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

Ancient roads were not paved. A serious road was made by heaping earth and stone into a long bank that stood above the mud and the rough ground on either side, and then clearing the loose stones off the top of it. That heaping is what this verb names. The finished product has its own Hebrew name, the raised highway (מְסִלָּה), built from the same root as the verb that makes it.

Because the work is simply piling material up high, the verb goes wherever heaped earth goes:

  • the prophets use it for the road thrown up ahead of God and his returning people, with the command doubled for urgency and paired with an order to turn the obstacles out of the way
  • soldiers use it for the earth ramp raised against a city under siege, an image Job turns on himself when he pictures God's troops running their attack road up to one man's tent
  • Jeremiah uses it for a conquered city heaped into piles like mounds of harvested grain

The word also describes a road that has actually been made, as opposed to a track merely worn by feet. Proverbs says the honest walk on such a built road while the lazy man's way is a hedge of thorns, and Jeremiah accuses his people of abandoning the old roads for a way that was never built at all.

Nuances

1ato build up a road, throwing up a raised way for someone to travel
Psa 68:4(5)Isa 57:14 (2×)Isa 62:10 (2×)
Psa 68:4

Whether the opening command of this line tells the hearer to build a road for God or to lift up praise to him.

  • contestedThe verb keeps its ordinary sense of heaping up a raised roadway, so the line calls for a highway to be thrown up for the God who rides through the desert wastes, in the same manner as the road-building commands of Isaiah 57:14 and 62:10.; BDB, s.v. סלל; HALOT, s.v. סלל
  • contestedThe verb is used in the wider sense of lifting up, with praise or a song as the implied object, so the line calls for the God who rides the clouds to be extolled, parallel to the two commands to sing that precede it.; Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II: 51–100 (Anchor Bible 17)
1bto throw up a road or earth ramp against someone, as an attacking army does at a city wall
Job 19:12Job 30:12
1cto be a made-up road: a proper raised way rather than a worn track
Pro 15:19Jer 18:15
1dto pile something into heaps
Jer 50:26
2

to lift someone or something high: to prize it, or to set yourself up over another

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

The same picture of heaping something high can be applied to a person's standing instead of to earth. To lift wisdom high is to treat her as the most valuable thing you own, giving her the top place in your regard. Proverbs promises that whoever does so is raised in turn: prize her, and she will lift you up (רוּם) and bring you honor.

The word turns ugly when the thing raised high is yourself and the people you now stand over are someone else's. Pharaoh is told he is still setting himself up above God's people and refusing to release them. The picture behind the accusation is a man building his own ground up so that he towers over others and blocks their road.

Nuances

2ato prize something, holding it in the highest regard
Pro 4:8
2bto set yourself up over someone, standing in their way
TranslatabilityPartial
Exo 9:17

What scholars say about salal

סלל is a geminate root whose basic sense the lexica give as "heap up, cast up" (BDB, HALOT, DCH). Its productivity is chiefly nominal: מְסִלָּה "highway" (H4546), מַסְלוּל "highway" (H4547), סֹלְלָה "siege mound" (H5550), and probably סֻלָּם (H5551), the Genesis 28:12 hapax usually rendered "ladder" or "stairway". The nouns confirm the verb's referent: what is heaped is a raised causeway or an earthwork, and the derived מְסִלָּה is regularly distinguished from דֶּרֶךְ (H1870) and אֹרַח (H0734) as a constructed rather than a merely trodden way. Twelve verbal tokens are attested at ten verses. The finite qal is exclusively plural and mostly imperative (Isaiah 57:14 bis; Isaiah 62:10 bis; Psalm 68:5 MT; Jeremiah 50:26), with two narrative forms in Job (19:12; 30:12) where the cognate accusative דַּרְכָּם / אָרְחוֹת אֵידָם makes the military earthwork explicit; Hartley and the commentaries on Job read both as siege imagery applied to a single man. The feminine passive participle סְלוּלָה / סְלֻלָה (Jeremiah 18:15; Proverbs 15:19) yields a stative "made up, built as a road"; Waltke takes Proverbs 15:19 as contrasting a cleared, banked highway with an impassable thorn hedge, and Jeremiah 18:15 uses the negated participle for an unmade way that trips the traveler. Jeremiah 50:26 sits apart in taking the object without a road term, סָלּוּהָ כְמוֹ עֲרֵמִים, "pile her up like heaps," the sense reduced to bare accumulation. Two non-qal forms extend the root to elevation of status: the pilpel imperative סַלְסְלֶהָ at Proverbs 4:8, glossed "esteem highly, prize," set in parallel with רוּם (H7311) and כָּבֵד (H3513); and the hitpolel participle מִסְתּוֹלֵל at Exodus 9:17, standardly "exalt oneself against," though Propp and others weigh a derivation from the siege-mound noun that would give "throw up a barrier against, obstruct," a reading NJPS reflects with "thwart". The one substantive crux is Psalm 68:5 (English 68:4), סֹלּוּ לָרֹכֵב בָּעֲרָבוֹת. BDB and HALOT keep the road sense and render "cast up a highway for him who rides through the deserts," reading בָּעֲרָבוֹת as the steppe and hearing the Isaianic way-preparation motif. Dahood, following the Ugaritic epithet rkb ʿrpt, repoints the prepositional phrase toward "clouds" and takes סֹלּוּ as "extol," a reading that yields three parallel imperatives of praise (שִׁירוּ, זַמְּרוּ, סֹלּוּ) and which most modern English versions adopt. Neither side commands a clear majority, and the decision turns on whether the epithet or the verb's attested range is given priority.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. סללlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. סללlexicon
  • DCH (The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew), s.v. סללlexicon
  • NIDOTTE, s.v. סללtheological-dictionary
  • Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II: 51–100 (Anchor Bible 17)commentary
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1–18 (Anchor Bible 2)commentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1–15 (NICOT)commentary
  • John E. Hartley, The Book of Job (NICOT)commentary

All attested forms of סָלַל

qal imperative 2mp

סֹלּוּ, סָלּוּ

Psa 68:4, Isa 57:14, Isa 57:14, Isa 62:10, Isa 62:10, Jer 50:26

qal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיָּסֹלּוּ

Job 19:12, Job 30:12

qal passive-participle f s absolute

סְלוּלָה, סְלֻלָה

Jer 18:15, Pro 15:19

hithpael participle m s absolute

מִסְתּוֹלֵל

Exo 9:17

piel imperative 2ms

סַלְסְלֶ

Pro 4:8