StrongerBible

nophet

נֹפֶת

HebrewH5317honeycomb, honey, ...

Appears 5 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Psa 19:10(11)Pro 5:3Pro 24:13Pro 27:7Sng 4:11
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeNO-fetnoun

What nophet means

honey that runs out of the comb on its own: the freshest, purest grade, and a poet's word for the sweetest thing there is.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

Anyone who has handled a honeycomb knows that the first honey out of it is the best. It seeps out clear under its own weight before anyone presses or heats the rest. That is what this word names. The everyday Hebrew word for honey (דְּבַשׁ) is broad enough to cover any thick sweetener, including the boiled fruit syrups made from dates and grapes, but this rarer word is narrow and precise: real bee honey, still dripping from the comb.

It turns up only five times, never in ordinary storytelling or law, and always in poetry. In every one of them it is the measure of something else:

  • Psalm 19:10 says God's rulings are sweeter than honey, and sweeter still than what drips from the combs
  • Proverbs 24:13 tells a son to eat honey because it is good, then says wisdom tastes the same way to the soul
  • Proverbs 27:7 notes that a full stomach will walk right over even the finest honey
  • Proverbs 5:3 describes the lips of a dangerous woman dripping with it
  • Song of Songs 4:11 describes the lips of a bride dripping with it

When the word stands next to the ordinary word for honey, as it does in Psalm 19:10, Proverbs 24:13, and Song of Songs 4:11, it is the stronger second term: honey, and better than honey. Psalm 19:10 doubles the effect by pairing it with the word for the combs themselves (צוּף), so the line reads something like "the drippings of the combs," about as strong a way of saying "the very best honey" as Hebrew has.

That is what makes the two "dripping lips" verses so sharp. The warning in Proverbs 5:3 and the love song of Song of Songs 4:11 use nearly the same words, and readers have long taken them as a deliberate pair: the same irresistible sweetness, once a trap that ends in death, once the delight of a husband and wife. The word itself never passes judgment. It only tells you how good something tastes.

Nuances

1acomb honey itself: the choicest sweet food, and the yardstick for measuring anything delightful
Psa 19:10(11)Pro 24:13Pro 27:7
1bhoneyed lips: sweetness of speech or of kisses, pictured as this honey dripping from someone's mouth
Pro 5:3Sng 4:11

What scholars say about nophet

The lexica agree on the core sense while differing on etymology. BDB gives the fullest classic entry, glossing נֹפֶת "flowing honey, honey from the comb" and citing the Phoenician cognate נפת (CIS I 166, line 8b), which anchors the word securely within Northwest Semitic; BDB notes the figurative application to sweet words in Prov 5:3 and (with a hedge) Song 4:11, and reads the phrase נֹפֶת צוּפִים in Ps 19:11 (ET 19:10) as "honey of (the) combs," i.e. the droppings of the honeycombs, a doubly emphatic expression matched in the parallel line by "much fine gold." Gesenius and the tradition represented by Strong derive the noun from נוף ("to move to and fro, wave," hence "to drip, distil"), yielding literally "a dripping"; HALOT and DCH gloss "(flowing) honey, honeycomb," with DCH, on its distributional principles, declining to commit to a root, and several lexical summaries label the derivation "of uncertain derivation." The Arabic root nafata ("to blow, spit out, exude") is sometimes adduced as support for an independent root notion of exuding; a proposed Akkadian nūptu is speculative, and the Ugaritic honey word nbt is the cognate of דְּבַשׁ, not of נֹפֶת, a confusion worth avoiding. On distribution, all five occurrences (Ps 19:11 MT; Prov 5:3; 24:13; 27:7; Song 4:11) are poetic, and in three the noun stands parallel to דְּבַשׁ, where the parallelism identifies both as genuine bee honey and uses נֹפֶת to specify or intensify. That secures נֹפֶת on the bee-honey side of the wider דְּבַשׁ debate over honey versus fruit syrup, a debate reframed by the Tel Rehov apiary (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen, NEA 70 [2007]: 202-219, with morphometric identification of imported Anatolian bees by Bloch et al., PNAS 107 [2010]: 11240-11244) and by the philological work of Forti (VT 56 [2006]: 327-341) and Dershowitz (VT 60 [2010]: 172-176; VT 64 [2014]: 665-667). Commentators on the wisdom and love poetry (Fox, Waltke, Clifford on Proverbs; Pope, Exum, Garrett on the Song; Craigie and the deClaisse-Walford/Jacobson/Tanner volume on Psalm 19) read Prov 5:3 and Song 4:11 as being in deliberate dialogue, the near-verbatim נֹפֶת תִּטֹּפְנָה clause setting the forbidden woman up as a dark mirror of the legitimate beloved, a line of reading developed in work on the feminine figures of Proverbs 1-9 (Camp). The versions confirm the comb sense: the Septuagint renders κηρίον in four places and μέλι only at Prov 5:3, while Jerome uses favus throughout, often with a participle of dripping (favus distillans, favus stillans). In later reception נופת צופים became a fixed rabbinic idiom for supremely fine honey and for exquisitely sweet speech, listed among the good things that ceased with the Temple (m. Sotah 9:12) and glossed variously at b. Sotah 48b.

Where scholars disagree about nophet

Where the word comes from. The traditional derivation ties it to a root meaning "to wave, move to and fro" and so "to drip," making the noun literally "a dripping"; other authorities decline to commit and call the derivation uncertain. The dispute is about the word's origin, not its sense, on which the lexica agree.

  • contestedThe noun derives from the root נוף ("to move to and fro, wave," hence "to drip, distil"), so that it means literally "a dripping," that is, honey dripping from the comb.; Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, s.v. נֹפֶת
  • contestedThe derivation is uncertain and should not be asserted: the word is simply a lexeme meaning flowing honey or honeycomb, whose West Semitic standing rests on the Phoenician cognate נפת (CIS I 166) rather than on any secure Hebrew root.; BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. נֹפֶת; DCH (David J. A. Clines, ed.), The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, s.v. נֹפֶת
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. נֹפֶתlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. נֹפֶתlexicon
  • DCH (David J. A. Clines, ed.), The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, s.v. נֹפֶתlexicon
  • Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures, s.v. נֹפֶתlexicon
  • Michael V. Fox, Proverbs 1-9 (Anchor Bible 18A, 2000), 191-193commentary
  • Bruce K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 1-15 (NICOT, 2004), 305-308commentary
  • Richard J. Clifford, Proverbs: A Commentary (OTL, 1999), 68-71commentary
  • Marvin H. Pope, Song of Songs (Anchor Bible 7C, 1977), 490-491commentary
  • J. Cheryl Exum, Song of Songs: A Commentary (OTL, 2005), 175-177commentary
  • Duane Garrett, Song of Songs (WBC 23B, 2004), 195-198commentary
  • Peter C. Craigie, Psalms 1-50 (WBC 19, 1983), 178-183commentary
  • Nancy deClaisse-Walford, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel Tanner, The Book of Psalms (NICOT, 2014), 206-211commentary
  • Amihai Mazar and Nava Panitz-Cohen, "It Is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov," Near Eastern Archaeology 70 (2007): 202-219article
  • Guy Bloch, Tiago M. Francoy, Ido Wachtel, Nava Panitz-Cohen, Stefan Fuchs, and Amihai Mazar, "Industrial Apiculture in the Jordan Valley during Biblical Times with Anatolian Honeybees," PNAS 107 (2010): 11240-11244article
  • Tova Forti, "Bee's Honey: From Realia to Metaphor in Biblical Wisdom Literature," Vetus Testamentum 56 (2006): 327-341article
  • Idan Dershowitz, "A Land Flowing with Fat and Honey," Vetus Testamentum 60 (2010): 172-176article
  • Claudia V. Camp, Wisdom and the Feminine in the Book of Proverbs (JSOT Press, 1985)monograph

All attested forms of נֹפֶת

f s absolute

נֹפֶת

Pro 5:3, Pro 24:13, Pro 27:7, Sng 4:11

f s construct

נֹפֶת

Psa 19:10