StrongerBible

naḥah

נָחָה

HebrewH5148lead, guide, ...

Appears 39 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 24:27Gen 24:48Exo 13:17Exo 13:21Exo 15:13Exo 32:34Num 23:7Deu 32:121Sa 22:41Ki 10:262Ki 18:11Neh 9:12Neh 9:19Job 12:23Job 31:18Job 38:32Psa 5:8(9)Psa 23:3Psa 27:11Psa 31:3(4)Psa 43:3Psa 60:9(11)Psa 61:2(3)Psa 67:4(5)Psa 73:24Psa 77:20(21)Psa 78:14Psa 78:53Psa 78:72Psa 107:30Psa 108:10(11)Psa 139:10Psa 139:24Psa 143:10Pro 6:22Pro 11:3Pro 18:16Isa 57:18Isa 58:11
Word studyResearch-gradenah-KHAHverb

What naḥah means

to lead or guide someone along a way toward a destination.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

At its core this is a plain word for leading, but the Bible uses it in a very particular way. It almost never means simply to move someone from here to there. It means to set a person on a road and show the direction, so the one being led still has to walk, while the guide is the one who knows and chooses the way.

Most often God is the one who leads, and the leading is tied to his character. Writers rarely leave it bare: God leads

  • in his faithful love
  • by his justice
  • along a level path
  • by his good Spirit

The guidance carries the moral coloring of the Guide, which is why this became Israel's word for being led by God, both in the great memory of the exodus and in the private prayer, lead me.

The same word stretches outward. It can describe a person leading others, a king shepherding his people, even a father's instruction or a person's honesty acting as a guide. In its widest reaches it describes God leading the stars in their courses, and once, darkly, God leading whole nations off into ruin. Through all of it the picture holds steady: a traveler on a way, a destination ahead, and a guide who chooses the road.

Nuances

1aGod leading Israel, especially the exodus and the journey through the wilderness.
Exo 13:17Exo 13:21Exo 15:13Deu 32:12Neh 9:12Neh 9:19Psa 77:20(21)Psa 78:14Psa 78:53
1bthe prayer to be led: a person asking God for guidance along the right path.
Psa 5:8(9)Psa 27:11Psa 31:3(4)Psa 43:3Psa 61:2(3)Psa 73:24Psa 139:10Psa 139:24Psa 143:10
Psa 73:24

Whether Psalm 73:24 envisions being taken to God after death, or only an unbroken relationship with God that death cannot end.

  • minorityIt looks past death to being received into God's presence, a hope of personal life beyond the grave.; Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II: 51-100, Anchor Bible (1968)
  • majorityIt affirms a communion with God that death cannot sever, without asserting a developed doctrine of life after death.; Frank-Lothar Hossfeld and Erich Zenger, Psalms 2, Hermeneia (2005); John Goldingay, Psalms 42-89, Baker Commentary on the Old Testament (2007); Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalmen 60-150, BKAT XV/2 (1989)
1cGod's guidance in the ordinary course of life and travel, bringing a person safely to a destination.
Gen 24:27Gen 24:48Psa 23:3Psa 60:9(11)Psa 67:4(5)Psa 107:30Psa 108:10(11)Isa 57:18Isa 58:11
1da person, a ruler, or even a personified quality doing the leading rather than God.
Exo 32:34Num 23:71Sa 22:41Ki 10:262Ki 18:11Job 31:18Psa 78:72Pro 6:22Pro 11:3Pro 18:16
1ethe verb stretched beyond personal guidance: leading the stars in their courses, or leading nations away to their downfall.
Job 12:23Job 38:32

What scholars say about naḥah

The critical lexicons agree on a single basic sense, "to lead, guide, conduct" (BDB, HALOT, DCH; Helfmeyer in TDOT IX; Coppes in TWOT). The Qal (about 8x) and Hiphil (about 31x) show no perceptible difference in meaning, and the verb is overwhelmingly used with God as subject, along a way (derek, orach, maagal) and qualified by a covenantal noun (chesed, tsedeq, emet). The only secure cognate is Classical Arabic naha, "to head toward, direct oneself"; the root is notably absent from Akkadian, Ugaritic, and the Aramaic dialects, where nuah, "to rest," is a separate root. Helfmeyer and others distinguish this verb from nahal (tender pastoral leading), nahag (driving), and raah (integrated shepherding). Two lexical wrinkles do not touch the dominant sense: HALOT, DCH, and Gesenius18 posit a rare second root at Isaiah 7:2 ("stand alongside"), and BDB reassigns a few forms (1 Samuel 22:4; 1 Kings 10:26; 2 Kings 18:11) to a Hiphil of nuah meaning "set, station, deposit," leaving those occurrences genuinely disputed. The Septuagint canonized the directional sense by rendering the verb almost mechanically with hodegeo, an idiom that carried into New Testament usage. A separate interpretive debate, pressed by Dahood on comparative grounds and resisted by Hossfeld-Zenger, Goldingay, Kraus, Barr, Skehan, and Craigie, concerns whether certain psalms (notably Psalm 73:24) use the verb within a hope that reaches past death; the consensus is that the verb itself means only "lead," and any such horizon must be argued from the surrounding words.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. נחהlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. I נחהlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. נחהlexicon
  • F. J. Helfmeyer, "נָחָה," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) IX:280-288dictionary
  • Leonard J. Coppes, "נָחָה," in Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT) 2:568dictionary
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18, Anchor Bible (1999)commentary
  • Brevard S. Childs, The Book of Exodus, OTL (1974)commentary
  • Jeffrey H. Tigay, Deuteronomy, JPS Torah Commentary (1996)commentary
  • Frank-Lothar Hossfeld and Erich Zenger, Psalms 2, Hermeneia (2005)commentary
  • John Goldingay, Psalms, Baker Commentary on the Old Testament, 3 vols. (2006-2008)commentary
  • David J. A. Clines, Job 1-20 and Job 38-42, Word Biblical Commentary (1989, 2011)commentary
  • Michael V. Fox, Proverbs 1-9, Anchor Bible (2000)commentary
  • Andrew T. Abernethy, "'Right Paths' and/or 'Paths of Righteousness'? Examining Psalm 23.3b within the Psalter," JSOT 39 (2015)article
  • Mitchell Dahood, Psalms II: 51-100, Anchor Bible (1968)commentary
  • James Barr, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (1968; expanded ed. 1987)monograph

All attested forms of נָחָה

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיַּנְחֵ

1Sa 22:4, 1Ki 10:26, 2Ki 18:11, Job 12:23, Psa 78:14, Psa 78:53, Psa 107:30

hiphil imperfect 2ms

תַּנְחֵ

Job 38:32, Psa 31:3, Psa 61:2, Psa 67:4, Psa 73:24

hiphil imperfect 3ms

יַנְחֵ, יַנְחֶ

Num 23:7, Psa 23:3, Psa 78:72, Deu 32:12, Pro 18:16

hiphil imperfect 3fs

תַּנְחֵ, תַּנְחֶה

Psa 139:10, Psa 143:10, Pro 11:3, Pro 6:22

qal imperative 2ms

נְחֵ, נְחֵה

Psa 5:8, Psa 27:11, Psa 139:24, Exo 32:34

qal perfect 3ms

נָחַ, נָחָ

Gen 24:27, Psa 60:9, Psa 108:10, Exo 13:17

hiphil infinitive-construct construct

הַנְחֹתָ, נְחֹתָ

Neh 9:19, Exo 13:21

qal perfect 2ms

נָחִיתָ

Exo 15:13, Psa 77:20

hiphil conjunctive-imperfect 1cs

וְאַנְחֵ

Isa 57:18

hiphil imperfect 1cs

אַנְחֶ

Job 31:18

hiphil imperfect 3mp

יַנְחוּ

Psa 43:3

hiphil perfect 2ms

הִנְחִיתָ

Neh 9:12

hiphil perfect 3ms

הִנְחַ

Gen 24:48

qal consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְנָחֲ

Isa 58:11