StrongerBible

nahal

נָהַל

HebrewH5095lead, guide, ...

Appears 10 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 33:14Gen 47:17Exo 15:132Ch 28:152Ch 32:22Psa 23:2Psa 31:3(4)Isa 40:11Isa 49:10Isa 51:18
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradenah-HALverb

What nahal means

to lead those who cannot lead themselves: to conduct, guide, and provide for the dependent

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyContested

This is a small word that carries some of the Bible's most tender pictures of care. At its core it simply means to lead or conduct someone, but its objects across Scripture are almost always the weak and the helpless: children, nursing animals, wounded captives, a people who cannot find their own way. So the leading is never brisk or impersonal. It is the leading of one who takes responsibility for the pace and the needs of those being led.

Scholars debate whether the gentleness and the water that so often surround this word are built into the word itself or come from the company it keeps. The older view read it as meaning specifically to lead to a watering place and let rest there, drawing on an Arabic relative. Most modern study has stepped back from that, pointing to a passage where a drunken city has no one to lead her, with no flock and no water anywhere in sight (Isaiah 51:18). There the bare meaning is just to lead, to take by the hand.

The honest picture is that the word means to lead, while its setting again and again supplies the tenderness. Out of its ten or so appearances, all but one sit among shepherds, flocks, springs, or vulnerable travelers. That is why generations of readers have heard such warmth in it, and why a fair summary is leading with care.

One use stretches the same idea to providing rather than walking: Joseph sustaining Egypt with bread (Genesis 47:17). The thread that holds the range together is taking charge of the dependent and seeing them through.

Nuances

1ato lead the flock or the flock-like people of God to rest and water, the shepherd's tender conducting
Exo 15:13Psa 23:2Isa 40:11Isa 49:10
1bto lead or conduct the helpless and vulnerable from one place to another, with no flock or water in view
2Ch 28:152Ch 32:22Psa 31:3(4)Isa 51:18
1cto provide for and sustain the dependent, here by supplying food rather than by leading on a journey
Gen 47:17
1dto move oneself along gently, to journey at one's own careful pace
Gen 33:14

What scholars say about nahal

Lexicography on נָהַל has migrated from confident etymology toward cautious description. BDB (Brown, 1906) gave five senses ordered around an Arabic cognate nahila ("drink one's fill at a watering-place"), glossing the first sense "lead to a watering-place and cause to rest there" (Ps 23:2; Isa 40:11; 49:10); Gesenius earlier reached further, comparing נַחַל and נָהָר as words of "flowing." Delitzsch tried to derive the Piel from Akkadian nâlu "to rest" (revived by Haupt, AJSL 22 [1906]), a proposal rejected by Nöldeke, Cheyne, Müller, and Praetorius; R. Dick Wilson reconciled the data by positing two homonyms, a split BDB's layout quietly preserves. Ugaritic nhl is the inheritance root (= Hebrew נחל with ḥet, per del Olmo Lete, JAOS 132 [2012]; DUL), not a cognate of this verb, so no clean Northwest Semitic comparandum exists. HALOT ("to lead [to a watering place], refresh"), TLOT, and especially DCH ("lead, guide, refresh"; Hithpael "journey by stages") and TDOT increasingly treat the watering nuance as contextual rather than lexical, in line with James Barr's critique (Comparative Philology, 1968) of inferring Hebrew sense from a single Arabic cognate. NIDOTTE and Oswalt (NICOT) retain the traditional pastoral framing, and TWOT crystallized the gloss "lead with care." Goldingay and Payne (ICC, Isaiah 40-55, 2006) press the counter-case from Isaiah 51:18 (a drunken Jerusalem with no flock and no water), treating the lexical floor as simply "lead, conduct." Commentators on the pastoral occurrences (Kraus, Craigie, Goldingay, Hossfeld-Zenger, Alter on the Psalms; Cross and Propp on Exodus 15; Westermann, Blenkinsopp, Hermisson on Isaiah; Japhet, Klein, Williamson on Chronicles) broadly accept the new-exodus shepherd imagery while locating its tenderness in context. 2 Chronicles 32:22 is textually unstable: MT וַיְנַהֲלֵם against LXX/Vulgate "gave them rest," with Klein and Williamson emending away from the root.

Where scholars disagree about nahal

Whether the verb's pastoral and watering nuance ("lead to water, lead with care, refresh") is part of the word's own meaning, or only a coloring supplied by the contexts in which it appears.

  • minorityThe verb inherently means leading to refreshment or to a watering place, drawing on the Arabic cognate nahila; the gentleness is lexicalized, captured in the gloss "lead with care."; BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. נהל; TWOT (Harris, Archer, Waltke), s.v. נהל; John N. Oswalt, The Book of Isaiah 40-66 (NICOT, 1998)
  • majorityThe verb's core meaning is simply to lead, conduct, or guide; the pastoral, watering, and tender nuances come from parallel words, objects, and settings, as shown by Isaiah 51:18 where a drunken city is led with no flock or water in view.; John Goldingay and David Payne, Isaiah 40-55 (ICC, 2006); DCH (Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew), vol. V, s.v. נהל; James Barr, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1968)
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), Hebrew and English Lexicon, s.v. נהלlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. נהלlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, Dictionary of Classical Hebrew), vol. V, s.v. נהלlexicon
  • TWOT (Harris, Archer, Waltke), s.v. נהלdictionary
  • NIDOTTE (VanGemeren, ed.), vol. 3, GK 5633dictionary
  • TDOT (Botterweck, Ringgren, Fabry), vol. IXdictionary
  • James Barr, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1968)monograph
  • John Goldingay and David Payne, Isaiah 40-55 (ICC, 2006)commentary
  • John N. Oswalt, The Book of Isaiah 40-66 (NICOT, 1998)commentary
  • Hans-Joachim Kraus, Psalms 1-59 (Continental Commentary)commentary
  • Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic (Harvard, 1973)monograph
  • William H. C. Propp, Exodus 1-18 (Anchor Yale Bible, 1999)commentary
  • Sara Japhet, I and II Chronicles (OTL)commentary

All attested forms of נָהַל

piel imperfect 3ms

יְנַהֲלֵ, יְנַהֵל

Psa 23:2, Isa 49:10, Isa 40:11

piel consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיְנַהֲלֵ

Gen 47:17, 2Ch 32:22

hithpael cohortative 1cs

אֶתְנָהֲלָה

Gen 33:14

piel conjunctive-imperfect 2ms

וּתְנַהֲלֵ

Psa 31:3

piel consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיְנַהֲלוּ

2Ch 28:15

piel participle m s absolute

מְנַהֵל

Isa 51:18

piel perfect 2ms

נֵהַלְתָּ

Exo 15:13