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merkavah

מֶרְכָּבָה

HebrewH4818chariot

Appears 44 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 41:43Gen 46:29Exo 14:25Exo 15:4Jos 11:6Jos 11:9Jdg 4:15Jdg 5:281Sa 8:11 (2×)2Sa 15:11Ki 7:331Ki 10:291Ki 12:181Ki 20:331Ki 22:352Ki 5:212Ki 5:262Ki 9:272Ki 10:152Ki 23:111Ch 28:182Ch 1:172Ch 9:252Ch 10:182Ch 14:9(8)2Ch 18:342Ch 35:24Sng 6:12Isa 2:7Isa 22:18Isa 66:15Jer 4:13Jol 2:5Mic 5:10(9)Nam 3:2Hab 3:8Hag 2:22Zec 6:1
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studymer-kaw-VAHnoun

What merkavah means

a chariot: a horse-drawn, wheeled vehicle, most often the two-wheeled war car of the ancient world

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

A chariot in the Bible is a light, horse-drawn vehicle on wheels. Its defining use was war: a fast platform from which to fight, the tank of its day, and the measure of an army's strength. The word names the vehicle itself, distinct from the horses that pull it and the rider who stands in it.

The same vehicle served outside the battlefield too. Kings and high officials rode in chariots as a sign of rank, so the word also marks a person of importance traveling in state, whether a Pharaoh parading his new vizier or a king fleeing for his life. Because chariots were costly and imported, they also stand in the text as prized property: bought, stockpiled, traded, and counted up as treasure.

In a handful of prophetic and visionary passages the chariot is lifted to a higher key. God himself is pictured coming in chariots, and the vivid throne-vehicle formed by the outstretched wings of the carved angels over the ark is called a chariot. Here the everyday war machine becomes an image of overwhelming, royal power on the move.

Throughout, the core picture stays the same wheeled vehicle. What shifts is who rides in it and why, so the senses below sort the occurrences by that use rather than by any change in what the word names.

Nuances

1aa war chariot: the swift fighting vehicle of an army, and by extension a nation's chariot force as a measure of military strength
Exo 14:25Exo 15:4Jos 11:6Jos 11:9Jdg 4:15Jdg 5:281Ki 22:352Ki 9:272Ch 14:9(8)2Ch 18:34Isa 2:7Jer 4:13
1ba chariot ridden in state: the personal vehicle of a king or high official, a mark of rank
Gen 41:43Gen 46:291Sa 8:11 (2×)2Sa 15:11Ki 12:181Ki 20:332Ki 5:212Ki 5:262Ki 10:152Ch 10:182Ch 35:24Sng 6:12
1ca chariot as a costly possession: bought, stockpiled, traded, or counted as treasure
1Ki 7:331Ki 10:292Ki 23:112Ch 1:172Ch 9:25
1dthe divine chariot: a chariot as an image of God's own power and presence, including the winged throne-vehicle over the ark
1Ch 28:18Isa 66:15Hab 3:8Zec 6:1Zec 6:2Zec 6:3

What scholars say about merkavah

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT) treat מֶרְכָּבָה as a single noun, derived from the root rkb (to ride/mount), denoting a chariot, with the principal subdivisions falling out as war chariot, the royal or personal conveyance, and the figurative divine chariot. It is the feminine counterpart in the same semantic field as the more frequent collective רֶכֶב. The throne-chariot usage at 1 Chronicles 28:18, where the cherubim over the ark form a merkabah, is the seed of the later Jewish merkabah (throne-chariot) mysticism that grows from Ezekiel 1 and 10, though Ezekiel does not himself use this noun.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. מֶרְכָּבָהlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. מֶרְכָּבָהlexicon

All attested forms of מֶרְכָּבָה

f s absolute

מֶּרְכָּבָה, מֶרְכָּבָה

Jdg 4:15, 1Ki 7:33, 1Ki 12:18, 1Ki 20:33, 1Ki 22:35, 2Ki 5:21, 2Ki 9:27, 2Ki 10:15

f p construct

מַרְכְּבֹתָיו, מַרְכְּבוֹתָיו

Exo 14:25, Isa 2:7, Isa 66:15, Jdg 5:28, Jer 4:13

f p absolute

מַרְכָּבוֹת

2Ch 9:25, 2Ch 14:9, Jol 2:5, Zec 6:1

f p construct

מַרְכְּבוֹת, מַרְכְּבֹת

2Ki 23:11, Sng 6:12, Isa 22:18, Exo 15:4

f s construct

מֶרְכַּבְתּוֹ

Gen 46:29, 1Sa 8:11, 1Sa 8:11, 2Ki 5:26

f p construct

מַרְכְּבֹתֶיךָ

Mic 5:10, Hab 3:8

f p construct

מַרְכְּבֹתֵיהֶם

Jos 11:6, Jos 11:9

f s construct

מִרְכֶּבֶת

Gen 41:43