StrongerBible

yala

יָלַע

HebrewH3216say rashly, devour, ...

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Pro 20:25
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeYAH-lahverb

What yala means

to blurt out: to let a promise escape the lips before the mind has weighed it

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyContested

This verb turns up once in the whole Hebrew Bible, in a proverb about vows. It is a trap, the proverb says, for a person to cry "Holy!" and only afterward look into what has been promised. Calling something holy handed it over to God and put it out of ordinary use, so a single word spoken in a burst of enthusiasm could cost a family a field, a flock, or a year's income.

The point is not the vow itself but the gap between the mouth and the mind. The word names the instant the promise gets out, and the second half of the verse supplies what should have come first, sitting down to work out what the pledge will actually take. Israel's wisdom writers come back to this warning often, telling worshippers not to be hasty with the mouth before God and not to drag their feet paying what they have promised (Ecclesiastes 5:2 to 5; Deuteronomy 23:21 to 23).

The same three letters elsewhere name gulping something down (לוּעַ) and the throat that does the gulping (לֹעַ). Whether blurting is a natural stretch of that picture, the throat working in the other direction, or a separate word that merely looks the same, is still unsettled. The nearest word in plain meaning is another verb for speaking without thinking (בָּטָה), used of a hasty oath, of Moses letting words slip at the waters of Meribah, and of talk that stabs like a sword.

Pro 20:25

What scholars say about yala

The Masoretic Text of Proverbs 20:25 vocalizes the form יָלַע, an apparent shortened imperfect with no clear subject; BDB calls the construction "unusual, and perhaps [a] text error". BDB divides the consonants ל-ו-ע between a root I "swallow, gulp down" (Obadiah 16, with the noun לֹעַ "throat" at Proverbs 23:2) and a root II "talk wildly", to which it assigns Job 6:3 and this verse; HALOT and DCH follow the split in substance. Delitzsch reads יָלַע as an abbreviated future of לוּע or לעע, equating it with Arabic laghā, temere loqui, and takes קֹדֶשׁ as the vow-formula suddenly exclaimed, comparing κορβᾶν in Mark 7:11; on this reading the proverb runs: it is a snare for a man to blurt out the cry "Holy!" and only after the vows to reflect. Fox, Waltke, Clifford and Murphy follow in substance, as do NRSV, NIV, ESV and NASB, and the UBS Handbook on Proverbs glosses the phrase as literally "to talk wildly". The older reading takes the verb as equivalent to בלע and renders "devour that which is holy", sacrilege against consecrated property: so the Vulgate (devorare), Aquila and the Graecus Venetus (καταπίεται), Luther and the King James Version. Delitzsch rejects it as arbitrary and Toy follows him, on the ground that מוֹקֵשׁ אָדָם describes a state rather than an act of devouring. The versions were already divided: the Septuagint has παγὶς ἀνδρὶ ταχύ τι τῶν ἰδίων ἁγιάσαι, and the Targum and Peshitta likewise carry the rash-vow sense, against the Latin and Aquila. BHS notes a repointing of the second line yielding "he takes it back", adopted by R. B. Y. Scott. The whole reconstruction of root II depends on Arabic laghā, proposed by Bacher (ZDMG 12 [1887], 605, 614), where Arabic ghayn does not correspond regularly to Hebrew ayin; BDB itself hedges toward a root לעה, and Barr's Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (1968) is the standing methodological caution against resting a Hebrew sense on such an equation.

Where scholars disagree about yala

What the word means in its single appearance, Proverbs 20:25.

  • majority"To blurt out a vow." The proverb warns against crying "Holy!" on impulse and only afterward reckoning up what has been promised.; F. Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Proverbs of Solomon, on Proverbs 20:25; M. V. Fox, Proverbs, Anchor Yale Bible; B. K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs, NICOT; R. J. Clifford, Proverbs, Old Testament Library; W. D. Reyburn and E. M. Fry, A Handbook on Proverbs, UBS Handbook Series (2000); Septuagint, Proverbs 20:25 (ταχύ τι τῶν ἰδίων ἁγιάσαι)
  • minority"To devour what is holy." The verse warns against consuming property that has been consecrated to God, taking the verb as equivalent to the common word for swallowing.; Vulgate, Proverbs 20:25 (ruina est homini devorare sanctos); Aquila and the Graecus Venetus, Proverbs 20:25 (καταπίεται); King James Version (1611), following the older interpretive tradition
  • minorityThe line may be damaged. The form as printed does not fit the grammar comfortably, so no reading of the verb can be more than probable.; BDB (Brown, Driver, Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. לוע II ("unusual, and perhaps [a] text error")
In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDB (Brown, Driver, Briggs), A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. לוע I, לוע IIlexicon
  • HALOT (Koehler and Baumgartner), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, s.v. לועlexicon
  • DCH (D. J. A. Clines, ed.), The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, vol. IV, s.v. לועlexicon
  • F. Delitzsch, Biblical Commentary on the Proverbs of Solomon, on Proverbs 20:25commentary
  • M. V. Fox, Proverbs, Anchor Yale Biblecommentary
  • B. K. Waltke, The Book of Proverbs, NICOTcommentary
  • R. J. Clifford, Proverbs, Old Testament Librarycommentary
  • R. E. Murphy, Proverbs, Word Biblical Commentarycommentary
  • C. H. Toy, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, ICCcommentary
  • W. D. Reyburn and E. M. Fry, A Handbook on Proverbs, UBS Handbook Series (2000)handbook
  • W. Bacher, ZDMG 12 (1887), 605, 614article
  • J. Barr, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968)monograph

All attested forms of יָלַע

qal jussive 3ms

יָלַע

Pro 20:25