ḥalaq

• Names the dividing of war spoil and plunder among the victors, so that each fighter or claimant gets a set share of what was seized.Exo 15:91Sa 30:24Psa 68:12
• Carries a separate developed sense of smooth, flattering speech, where a tongue makes its words go down easily to deceive.Psa 5:9Pro 7:5Pro 28:23

• Both name splitting a whole into portions and handing each portion to a recipient, especially an inheritance parceled out to heirs.Num 26:53Luk 15:12
• Both describe one giver apportioning to each recipient the particular share meant for that recipient.Deu 4:191Co 12:11

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• Only the Hebrew word is the standard verb for parceling out the promised land, where a fixed territory is measured off to each tribe or family as its permanent inheritance, usually settled by lot.Num 26:53Jos 13:7Jos 18:10Jos 19:51
• Only the Hebrew word has God as the one doing the dividing, assigning nations their portions and withholding or granting what each creature receives.Deu 4:19Deu 29:26Isa 34:17Job 39:17
• Only the Hebrew word names the dividing up of a defeated people's land as a sentence against them, the measuring line in an enemy's hand being the picture of judgment.Amo 7:17Mic 2:4Jol 3:2Dan 11:39
• Only the Hebrew word is used for splitting a group into working companies as a deliberate arrangement rather than a fracture, whether fighting men set in position for a night attack or priests sorted into their courses.Gen 14:151Ch 23:61Ch 24:4
• A second Hebrew word spelled the same way, and counted under the same number, has nothing to do with sharing anything out: it means to be smooth, and so to speak smoothly in order to seduce or deceive. The Greek word carries no such range.Psa 5:9Psa 55:21Pro 2:16Pro 28:23

• Both are the verb for sharing out clothing and plunder stripped from someone, each piece passing to a different taker. This is where the two words meet most directly: the Gospel writers reach for the Greek verb at the cross precisely because the Hebrew line about dividing the garments stands behind the scene.Psa 22:18Mat 27:35Jhn 19:24
• Both are used of handing food or drink around a gathered company, so that a single supply reaches every person there as a portion.2Sa 6:191Ch 16:3Luk 22:17
• Both can take a body of people as the thing divided, so that one nation or house breaks into rival parts that go their separate ways.1Ki 16:21Luk 11:17

• Only the Greek word describes a household or a kingdom left standing in a settled state of opposition, where the division is not an act someone performs on property but a condition the group now lives in, member set against member.Luk 11:17Luk 11:18Luk 12:52Luk 12:53
• Only the Greek word covers voluntary charity, where owners sell what is theirs and share out the proceeds to whoever is in need, so the shares are set by need rather than by right, lot, or conquest.Act 2:45
• Only the Greek word is used of something with no physical parts separating and coming to rest on each person present, as the tongues of fire do at Pentecost.Act 2:3

• Names the splitting itself: a whole is cut into measured portions and each portion assigned to its recipient, most often the land parcelled out to the tribes by lot.Num 26:53Jos 13:7Jos 18:10
• Is the standard word for cutting up plunder after a battle, where the winners plan or carry out the split of what they have seized.Exo 15:9Jos 22:8Psa 22:18
• Divides people rather than goods, splitting a body of men into separate companies or scattering a people apart from one another.Gen 14:151Ki 16:21Gen 49:7
• Carries a second, unrelated sense in Hebrew, "smooth", and from there smooth speech that flatters and misleads; the Greek verb has nothing of the kind.Psa 5:9Pro 2:16Psa 55:21

• Both end with one thing held by more than one party, each holding a real portion of it and not merely a promise of one.1Sa 30:24Gal 6:6
• Both are used of open-handed generosity, where someone hands out part of what is in his own hands to meet the need of others.2Sa 6:191Ch 16:3Rom 12:13

• Speaks from the participant's side: someone takes a part in what already belongs to another, including things nobody could cut into pieces, such as flesh and blood or another person's suffering.Heb 2:141Pe 4:13
• Leaves a standing partnership behind it, a continuing give and take between two parties rather than a single handout that ends the matter.Php 4:15Rom 15:27
• Can describe sharing in what is wrong, so that a person picks up a share of someone else's guilt by taking part in it.1Ti 5:222Jn 1:11

• Names the dividing itself, done by someone with the standing to measure out a whole and assign the parts: the land of Canaan parcelled out among the tribes, the priests sorted into their working groups.Num 26:53Jos 14:51Ch 24:4
• Is the ordinary word for splitting up what a victory has won, including the clothing stripped from a victim, so the sharing out follows force rather than a settled arrangement.Exo 15:9Jos 22:8Psa 22:18
• Covers breaking a body of people into pieces, which no sharing word would do: Abram split his men for a night attack, Israel was torn between two claimants to the throne, and God threatened to break up a tribe and scatter it.Gen 14:151Ki 16:21Gen 49:7
• Often has God as the one doing the dividing, deciding what people and creatures will get, including what he deliberately withholds, so the person on the receiving end does nothing at all.Deu 4:19Job 39:17

• Both turn on a portion that rightly belongs to a person, seen from opposite ends. The Hebrew verb assigns the portion, as when David ruled that the men who stayed with the baggage get the same share as the men who fought, and the Greek verb reports someone holding such a portion, as when Paul says the worker has a claim on part of the harvest.1Sa 30:241Co 9:10
• Both are used of food passed around a gathering: David gave every Israelite a share of bread when the ark came up, and Paul says believers all take from the one loaf.2Sa 6:191Co 10:17

• Reports that someone holds a share, never the act of handing shares out. Paul argues that the worker who plows and threshes has a rightful claim on part of the crop, and that others already hold a claim on the church he chose not to use.1Co 9:101Co 9:12
• Fits things that are shared without being cut up at all: one loaf that many people eat from, food taken with thanks, the milk a young child still lives on.1Co 10:171Co 10:30Heb 5:13
• Reaches all the way to sharing a nature or a family line, which is not a matter of portions at all: the children have flesh and blood in common, and Jesus came to hold the same, while a priest can be said to belong to another tribe.Heb 2:14Heb 7:13
• Can carry a demand for exclusive loyalty, since holding a share somewhere marks you as one of that company: you cannot have a place at the Lord's table and at the table of demons at once.1Co 10:21