StrongerBible

ḥadal

חָדַל

HebrewH2308cease, forbear, ...

Appears 58 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 11:8Gen 18:11Gen 41:49Exo 9:29Exo 9:33Exo 9:34Exo 14:12Exo 23:5Num 9:13Deu 15:11Deu 23:22(23)Jdg 5:6Jdg 5:7 (2×)Jdg 9:9Jdg 9:11Jdg 9:13Jdg 15:7Jdg 20:28Rut 1:181Sa 2:51Sa 9:51Sa 12:231Sa 23:131Ki 15:211Ki 22:61Ki 22:152Ch 16:52Ch 18:52Ch 18:142Ch 25:16 (2×)2Ch 35:21Job 3:17Job 7:16Job 10:20Job 14:6Job 14:7Job 16:6Job 19:14Psa 36:3(4)Psa 49:8(9)Pro 10:19Pro 19:27Pro 23:4Isa 1:16Isa 2:22Isa 24:8Jer 40:4Jer 41:8Jer 44:18Jer 51:30
Root family
Word studykhah-DALverb

What ḥadal means

to stop: to leave off doing something, or for something to come to an end or run out

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its heart this word means to stop. What was happening, or being done, or simply present now does so no longer. The same verb covers an action winding down on its own, a person deliberately quitting what they were doing, and a thing or a kind of person dropping out of existence altogether. Context, not the word itself, tells you which.

One side of the word looks at events: the rain stops, counting stops because the grain is past counting, the music and laughter die away. The other side looks at people choosing to quit: a prophet falls silent, builders walk off an unfinished city, a son is told to stop listening to bad advice. Often it is a blunt command, a one-word "Stop!" thrown at someone in the middle of acting.

A close cousin of the choosing sense is holding back. When a decision hangs in the balance, this is the verb for the second option: should I go to war, or hold off? Whether they listen or refuse, do or hold back. Here stopping is not ending something already underway but declining to act at all.

The last shade is loss. The poor never disappear from the land, the highways fell empty, kinsmen failed and were gone, the proud warriors gave out. Here nothing is being deliberately quit; something or someone simply ceases to be there. The single verb holds all of this together because each is a form of one plain idea: it stops.

Nuances

1a(of an action, sound, or process) to come to an end, die away, stop on its own
Gen 18:11Gen 41:49Exo 9:29Exo 9:33Exo 9:34Job 14:7Isa 24:8
1b(of a person) to leave off, quit, stop doing something, often as a blunt command
Gen 11:8Exo 14:12Num 9:13Jdg 9:9Jdg 9:11Jdg 9:13Rut 1:181Sa 12:231Ki 15:212Ch 16:52Ch 25:16 (2×)2Ch 35:21
1cto hold back, forbear, decline to act when a course of action is open
Exo 23:5Deu 23:22(23)Jdg 15:7Jdg 20:281Sa 23:131Ki 22:61Ki 22:152Ch 18:52Ch 18:14Jer 40:4Ezk 2:5Ezk 2:7
1dto cease to exist, be lacking, fail, drop out of sight
Deu 15:11Jdg 5:6Jdg 5:7 (2×)1Sa 2:5Job 3:17Job 19:14Psa 49:8(9)Pro 10:19Jer 51:30

What scholars say about ḥadal

The standard lexica (BDB, HALOT, DCH) treat חדל as a single root with a connected range rather than as homonyms: a core notion of ceasing or leaving off that extends to desisting, forbearing, and failing or coming to lack. BDB groups the usage into ceasing (of activity or condition), leaving off or desisting (frequently the imperative), forbearing or declining to act (the do-or-forbear idiom of 1 Kings 22 and Ezekiel 2), and ceasing to be present, as with the needy not ceasing from the land (Deut 15:11) or the cessation of caravan traffic (Judg 5:6). The adjective חָדֵל (ceasing, lacking, forsaken) and the noun חֶדֶל belong to the same root. HALOT and DCH register the same span without positing a second root, so the polysemy is best handled as one meaning with contextual senses rather than as distinct homonyms.

Sources

  • BDB, s.v. חָדַלlexicon
  • HALOT, s.v. חדלlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. חדלlexicon

All attested forms of חָדַל

qal imperative 2ms

חֲדַל, חֲדָל, חַדַל

Exo 14:12, 2Ch 25:16, 2Ch 35:21, Job 7:16, Amo 7:5, Job 10:20, Pro 23:4, Jer 40:4

qal perfect 3cp

חָדְלוּ, חָדֵלּוּ

Jdg 5:6, Jdg 5:7, Job 3:17, Job 19:14, Jer 51:30, Jdg 5:7, 1Sa 2:5

qal perfect 3ms

חָדַל

Gen 18:11, Gen 41:49, Exo 9:34, Num 9:13, Psa 36:3, Isa 24:8

qal consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיֶּחְדַּל

1Sa 23:13, 1Ki 15:21, 2Ch 16:5, 2Ch 25:16, Jer 41:8

qal imperfect 1cs

אֶחְדָּל

Jdg 15:7, Jdg 20:28, 1Ki 22:6, 2Ch 18:5, 2Ch 18:14

qal imperfect 3mp

יֶחְדָּלוּ

Exo 9:29, Ezk 2:5, Ezk 2:7, Ezk 3:11

qal imperfect 3ms

יֶחְדַּל, יֶחְדָּל

Deu 15:11, 1Sa 9:5, Pro 10:19, Ezk 3:27

qal imperative 2mp

חִדְלוּ, חֲדָלוּ

Isa 1:16, Isa 2:22, Zec 11:12

qal perfect 1cs

חֳדַלְתִּי

Jdg 9:9, Jdg 9:11, Jdg 9:13

qal consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיַּחְדְּלוּ

Gen 11:8, Exo 9:33

qal cohortative 1cs

אַחְדְּלָה

Job 16:6

qal conjunctive-imperfect 3ms

וְיֶחְדָּל

Job 14:6

qal consecutive-imperfect 3fs

וַתֶּחְדַּל

Rut 1:18

qal consecutive-perfect 2ms

וְחָדַלְתָּ

Exo 23:5

qal consecutive-perfect 3ms

וְחָדַל

Psa 49:8

qal imperfect 1cp

נֶחְדָּל

1Ki 22:15

qal imperfect 2ms

תֶחְדַּל

Deu 23:22

qal imperfect 3fs

תֶחְדָּל

Job 14:7

qal infinitive-construct construct

חֲדֹל

1Sa 12:23

qal perfect 1cp

חָדַלְנוּ

Jer 44:18