daughter: a female child in relation to her parents
At its core this is the female counterpart to son. It names a girl or woman by her place in a family: someone's daughter. From that anchor the word stretches outward in natural steps. It widens from a direct child to any female descendant, and from one family to a whole group of women belonging to a people or a town. Hebrew also leans on it as a flexible way to say a female who belongs to a category, which produces a cluster of set phrases.
Two of those phrases are worth watching. Hebrew often measures age by saying a person is the daughter (or son) of so many years, so a woman ninety years old is literally a daughter of ninety years. And Hebrew describes character by belonging, so a worthless woman can be called a daughter of worthlessness, a foreign woman a daughter of a foreign god. In each case the family word is doing the work of a relationship marker, not pointing to literal parentage.
The most striking extension is poetic. Prophets and poets address a city or nation as a single woman, the Daughter of Zion, the daughter of my people, the daughter of Babylon. This is not a separate word but the same daughter spoken as tender personification: the community pictured as a vulnerable, beloved, or grieving young woman.
A practical use grows from the same root idea. A walled mother-city with its smaller dependent settlements around it speaks of those settlements as its daughters, the villages that belong to and shelter under it.