daughter: a female child, and by extension a woman marked as belonging to a family, people, or city
At its center this word simply means a daughter, a man or woman's female child. That plain sense covers most of its New Testament uses, from Jairus pleading for his dying girl to Herod's court and the Canaanite mother whose daughter is healed.
Around that core the word stretches in ways English keeps the same word for. It can name a woman further down a family line rather than an immediate child, so a woman can be called a daughter of Abraham or counted among the daughters of Aaron. It also works as a warm, gentle way to address a woman who is not the speaker's child, the way Jesus says "Daughter, your faith has made you well."
Finally it carries a set Old Testament turn of speech into the Gospels. "Daughter of Zion" and "daughter of Jerusalem" do not point to one girl at all; they address a city and its people as a single woman. Each of these is the same everyday word doing a slightly different job, which is why one English word tracks it throughout.