StrongerBible

barzel

בַּרְזֶל

HebrewH1270iron

Appears 76 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 4:22Lev 26:19Num 31:22Num 35:16Deu 3:11Deu 4:20Deu 8:9Deu 19:5Deu 27:5Deu 28:23Deu 28:48Deu 33:25
Root family
Word studybar-ZELnoun

What barzel means

iron: the hard, dark metal, and the tools, weapons, and images of unbreakable strength made from it

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

Iron is the toughest metal the biblical world knew, and the Hebrew word covers the whole life of it: the raw ore dug from the hills, the worked metal bought and traded by weight, the axes and chariots and weapons forged from it, and the picture the metal supplies whenever a writer wants to say something is unbreakable, crushing, or impossible to soften.

The senses below are not different words. They are the same metal seen from different angles, and a single verse can sit on the line between them. The raw material becomes a tool; the tool (the war chariot, the threshing sledge) becomes the very image of an enemy too strong to resist; and that image of hardness is then turned on the sky that will not rain, the neck that will not bend, and the heart whose sin is cut in too deep to erase.

What ties it all together is iron's reputation. Unlike bronze, iron was prized for sheer strength, so when Scripture reaches for iron it is almost always reaching for the idea of force: power that conquers, bondage that cannot be broken, or stubbornness that will not yield.

Nuances

1airon as raw metal or traded material: ore, ingots, and stores of the metal itself
Gen 4:22Num 31:22Deu 8:9Jos 6:19Jos 6:24Jos 22:81Ch 22:31Ch 22:141Ch 22:161Ch 29:21Ch 29:72Ch 2:7
1biron made into things: tools, building implements, and weapons of war forged from the metal
Num 35:16Deu 19:5Deu 27:5Jos 8:31Jdg 1:19Jdg 4:3Jdg 4:131Sa 17:72Sa 12:311Ki 6:72Ki 6:51Ch 20:3
1ciron as an image of bondage and oppression: the furnace, yoke, fetters, and bars that hold a people captive
Deu 4:20Deu 28:481Ki 8:51Psa 105:18Psa 107:10Psa 107:16Psa 149:8Isa 45:2Jer 11:4Jer 28:13Jer 28:14
1diron as an image of unbending hardness, stubbornness, or crushing force
Lev 26:19Deu 28:23Deu 33:25Job 40:18Job 41:27Psa 2:9Isa 48:4Jer 1:18Jer 6:28Jer 17:1Ezk 22:18Ezk 22:20

What scholars say about barzel

Standard lexica (HALOT, BDB, DCH) treat בַּרְזֶל as a single word for the metal iron, with its many uses (raw material, implements, weapons, and figurative hardness or oppression) as contextual range rather than distinct meanings. TDOT surveys the word's strong tendency toward figurative force: the iron furnace as a metaphor for Egyptian bondage, the yoke and fetters of iron for subjugation, and iron as the emblem of what cannot be bent or broken. The term is widely held to be a culture loanword (compare similar forms across Northwest Semitic), reflecting iron's relatively late arrival as a worked metal in the region.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. בַּרְזֶלlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. בַּרְזֶלlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. בַּרְזֶלlexicon
  • TDOT, s.v. barzeltheological-dictionary

All attested forms of בַּרְזֶל

m s absolute

בַּרְזֶל

Gen 4:22, Lev 26:19, Num 31:22, Num 35:16, Deu 3:11, Deu 4:20, Deu 8:9, Deu 19:5