StrongerBible

esh

אֵשׁ

HebrewH0784fire, flame, ...

Appears 378 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 15:17Gen 19:24Gen 22:6Gen 22:7Exo 3:2 (2×)Exo 9:23Exo 9:24Exo 12:8Exo 12:9Exo 12:10Exo 13:21Lev 6:9(2)Num 11:1Num 11:3Deu 4:36Deu 33:21Ki 18:382Ki 1:12Job 1:16Job 18:5Psa 105:32Psa 118:12Isa 26:11Isa 33:14Isa 50:11Isa 54:16Isa 66:24
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyAYSHnoun

What esh means

fire: burning flame and its heat and light, whether an ordinary blaze or the fire that marks God's presence, worship, or judgment.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary word for fire, and it never stops meaning fire. The same word covers the cooking flame, the burning bush, the fire on the altar, the lightning of a storm, and the blaze of God's anger. Hebrew does not switch to a different word for these; it lets one word carry the whole range, and the setting tells you which kind of fire is in view.

What ties the uses together is what fire does: it consumes, it purifies, it gives light and heat, and it cannot be touched or controlled. Those qualities are why fire became such a natural picture in Israel's worship and prophecy. The fire that lights a hearth is the same fire that burns up an offering, the same fire that falls from heaven, and the same fire the prophets use to describe God's judgment falling on a city.

Because of this, fire sits very close to God himself in the Bible. God appears in fire, speaks from fire, and is even called a consuming fire, yet he is never simply identified with it. The reader has to feel the difference between a literal campfire and the fire that signals God is present or that his judgment has arrived, because the word itself does not mark the difference.

Nuances

1aordinary fire: a flame used for cooking, heat, light, burning, or destruction in everyday life and warfare.
Gen 22:6Gen 22:7Exo 12:8Exo 12:9Exo 12:10Exo 35:3Lev 13:52Jos 6:24Jos 8:8Jos 8:19Jdg 9:49Jdg 15:5
1bthe fire in which God appears or makes himself present: the fire that signals he is near.
Exo 3:2 (2×)Exo 13:21Exo 13:22Exo 14:24Exo 19:18Exo 24:17Exo 40:38Num 9:15Num 9:16Num 14:14Deu 1:33Deu 4:11
1cthe fire of God's judgment and anger: fire that falls or burns to punish, often a picture of his wrath rather than a literal blaze.
Gen 19:24Lev 10:2Num 11:1Num 11:2Num 11:3Num 16:35Num 26:10Deu 9:3Deu 32:222Ki 1:102Ki 1:122Ki 1:14
1dthe fire of worship: the fire on the altar that burns the offering, including fire God himself sends to accept a sacrifice.
Lev 1:7Lev 1:8Lev 1:12Lev 1:17Lev 3:5Lev 6:9(2)Lev 6:12Lev 6:13Lev 9:24Lev 10:1Lev 16:12Num 16:7
1efire as a picture of fierce human or inner forces: passion, jealousy, a reckless tongue, or the heat of conflict.
Num 21:28Jdg 9:15Jdg 9:20Job 31:12Psa 39:3Pro 16:27Sng 8:6Isa 50:11Jer 5:14Jer 20:9

Uncategorized

Awaiting AI sense categorization.

12 verses
Exo 22:6Lev 6:30Num 16:37Deu 13:16Deu 33:2Job 1:16Job 18:5Job 41:19Psa 18:8Psa 18:12Psa 46:9Psa 68:2

What scholars say about esh

The standard critical lexicons (HALOT, BDB, DCH) treat this as a single common noun meaning "fire," not a set of homonyms: one word whose range runs from ordinary fire through the fire of God's appearing (theophany), the fire of judgment, and the cultic fire of the altar, with figurative extensions to passion and conflict. The theological dictionaries (TDOT, NIDOTTE, TWOT) organize the uses the same way, grouping the literal, theophanic, judicial, and cultic uses under one word. There is broad agreement that fire is one of Israel's central images for the presence and holiness of God (so the burning bush, Sinai, and the "consuming fire" of Deuteronomy), and that the prophets' "I will send fire" formula is largely figurative of judgment and warfare. The internal sense divisions are a convenience of arrangement rather than a claim of separate words, so the boundaries between, for example, theophany and judgment can overlap in a given verse.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. אשׁlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. אשׁlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. אשׁlexicon
  • Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), s.v. אשׁ (vol. 1)dictionary
  • New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis (NIDOTTE), s.v. אשׁ (vol. 1)dictionary
  • Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (TWOT), s.v. אשׁdictionary

All attested forms of אֵשׁ

c s absolute

אֵשׁ

Gen 15:17, Gen 19:24, Gen 22:6, Gen 22:7, Exo 3:2, Exo 3:2, Exo 9:23, Exo 9:24

c s construct

אֵשׁ

Lev 6:9, Num 11:1, Num 11:3, Deu 33:2, 1Ki 18:38, 2Ki 1:12, Job 1:16, Psa 105:32

c s construct

אִשּׁוֹ

Deu 4:36, Job 18:5

c s construct

אֶשְׁכֶם

Isa 50:11

c s construct

אִשָּׁם

Isa 66:24