StrongerBible

anash

אָנַשׁ

HebrewH0605incurable, desperate, ...

Appears 9 times · tap a cell to see the verses

2Sa 12:15Job 34:6Isa 17:11Jer 15:18Jer 17:9Jer 17:16Jer 30:12Jer 30:15Mic 1:9
Root family
Word studyah-NASHadjective

What anash means

past healing: so badly hurt or so sick that nothing will mend it.

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyStrong

This word does not simply say that something hurts. It says the damage has gone past the point where help can reach it. A wound described this way is not merely deep, it has stopped being the kind of wound that closes.

Almost every time it appears, a prophet is describing an injury the reader is meant to take as final:

  • a wound that refuses to be healed, so the sufferer stops expecting relief
  • a break in a nation's life that no ally and no treaty can set
  • a pain that keeps its grip long after the blow has landed

Because the injury is beyond repair, despair travels with the word, and the prophets use that despair deliberately.

From there the word stretches. Jeremiah 17:9 turns it on the human heart: the trouble inside a person is not a bruise that time will fix but something past mending. Jeremiah 17:16 hangs it on a day, a day of ruin that cannot be called back. And in 2 Samuel 12:15 it is simply what happens to a person, a child who falls ill and does not recover.

The nearby Hebrew words say the plainer thing. The ordinary verb for falling ill (חָלָה) leaves the outcome open, and people who fall ill that way often get well again. This word is the verdict that recovery is not coming.

Nuances

1aof a wound or blow: past healing, beyond closing
TranslatabilityApproximate
Job 34:6Jer 15:18Jer 30:12Mic 1:9
1bof pain or sickness: relentless, past relief
Isa 17:11Jer 30:15
1cof the human heart: sick past mending
Jer 17:9
1dof a day: a day of ruin that cannot be turned back
Jer 17:16
1eof a person: to fall gravely ill and not recover
2Sa 12:15

What scholars say about anash

The standard lexica treat אנשׁ I as a root for being weak or sick, attested verbally only in the niphal at 2 Samuel 12:15 and otherwise in the passive participle / adjective אָנוּשׁ, which BDB, HALOT, and DCH gloss as "incurable" of מַכָּה, שֶׁבֶר, כְּאֵב, and מַכְאוֹב, with extended uses at Jeremiah 17:9 (the heart) and Jeremiah 17:16 (יוֹם אָנוּשׁ, the fatal or doom-laden day). The distribution is concentrated: six of the nine occurrences are Jeremiah's, and commentators read the wound imagery of Jeremiah 15:18, 17:9, 30:12, and 30:15 as a sustained figure for Judah's condition, with Micah 1:9 supplying the same figure a century earlier. The genuinely disputed question is not the sense of the adjective but the derivation of אֱנוֹשׁ "human being": BDB files it under this root with the value "mortal, frail one," whereas HALOT and TDOT treat it as an independent common Semitic term (compare Ugaritic ʾnš and Old Aramaic ʾnš) and regard the connection with the sickness root as unproven. Since אֱנוֹשׁ functions in poetic parallelism as a neutral counterpart to אָדָם and אִישׁ, the etymological argument for a built-in nuance of frailty carries little exegetical weight.

Where scholars disagree about anash

Whether the common Hebrew word for a human being, אֱנוֹשׁ, derives from this root and so names humanity as frail or mortal.

  • majorityThe connection is unproven. אֱנוֹשׁ is better explained as an independent, widely attested Semitic word for a human being, with no built-in nuance of weakness.; HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. אֱנוֹשׁ; Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), vol. 1, s.v. אֱנוֹשׁ
  • minorityאֱנוֹשׁ belongs to this root, so that the ordinary word for a human being properly means the mortal or frail one.; BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. אֱנוֹשׁ

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. אנשׁlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. אנשׁlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), s.v. אנשׁlexicon
  • Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT), vol. 1, s.v. אֱנוֹשׁdictionary
  • William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 1, Hermeneia (1986)commentary
  • Delbert R. Hillers, Micah, Hermeneia (1984)commentary

All attested forms of אָנַשׁ

m s absolute

אָנוּשׁ, אָנֻשׁ

Job 34:6, Isa 17:11, Jer 17:16, Jer 30:12, Jer 30:15, Jer 17:9

qal passive-participle f s absolute

אֲנוּשָׁה

Jer 15:18, Mic 1:9

niphal consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיֵּאָנַשׁ

2Sa 12:15