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elam

אֵילָם

HebrewH0361vestibule, arches, ...

Appears 15 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezk 40:16Ezk 40:21Ezk 40:22 (2×)Ezk 40:24Ezk 40:25Ezk 40:26Ezk 40:29 (2×)Ezk 40:30Ezk 40:31Ezk 40:33 (2×)Ezk 40:34Ezk 40:36
Word studyay-LAHMnoun

What elam means

the porch of a gateway: the roofed entrance space at one end of a temple gate passage

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintyContested

This word appears in exactly one stretch of the Bible: the long, measured tour of a visionary temple in Ezekiel 40. A guide carrying a measuring rod walks the prophet through gatehouse after gatehouse, calling out dimensions, and each time this word names the covered entrance space at one end of the passage a person walked through to reach the courtyard.

It never stands alone. It always turns up inside a running list of a gate's parts, and the same list repeats at the east, north and south gates alike, so the reader is meant to picture one layout copied on every side of the temple:

  • the small guard rooms set along the passage
  • the heavy posts framing the opening (אַיִל)
  • the narrow windows cut round about
  • the palm trees carved on the stonework
  • the covered entrance space this word names

The ordinary Hebrew word for such a porch (אוּלָם) turns up in the very same chapter, and this rarer word looks and sounds almost identical to it. Whether the two are one word spelled two ways, or whether this form names something slightly different, has never been settled. Ancient readers were already unsure: the old Greek translation of Ezekiel gave up on the gate vocabulary and simply spelled these Hebrew words out in Greek letters instead of translating them.

So the outline is clear and the detail is not. Every gate of the visionary temple had a covered entrance space, measured and counted like everything else in the vision. Exactly how that space was built, and why the word always shows up in a plural form even where a single space seems to be in view, the text does not say.

Ezk 40:16Ezk 40:21Ezk 40:22 (2×)Ezk 40:24Ezk 40:25Ezk 40:26Ezk 40:29 (2×)Ezk 40:30Ezk 40:31Ezk 40:33 (2×)Ezk 40:34Ezk 40:36

What scholars say about elam

אֵילָם is confined to Ezekiel 40, where it occurs 15 times in 12 verses and only ever in the plural: the masculine plural with third masculine singular suffix אֵלַמָּיו / אֵילַמָּיו (13x) and the feminine plural אֵלַמּוֹת (Ezekiel 40:16; 40:30). BDB, HALOT and DCH gloss it "porch, vestibule" and treat it as a secondary form of אוּלָם, which itself stands in the same chapter for the gate's vestibule and the temple's own portico (Ezekiel 40:7-9; 40:15; 40:48-49). BDB enters the word only on the assumption that the consonantal text is sound. Three difficulties keep the question open. First, a plural is unexpected if a single vestibule is meant, and commentators variously explain it as a plural of extension or as evidence of secondary expansion. Second, the forms stand in immediate sequence with אֵילָיו from אַיִל, the gate's jambs or piers (Ezekiel 40:21; 40:29; 40:33; 40:36), so the two are easily confused in transmission and in the versions. Third, the Old Greek of Ezekiel 40 transliterates the gate vocabulary (αιλαμ and its variants) rather than translating it, indicating that the architectural referents were already opaque to the earliest translators. Zimmerli (Hermeneia) and Block (NICOT) both work through the gate terminology and the composition history of the passage, including the text-critical standing of Ezekiel 40:30, a verse absent from major Greek witnesses; Cooke's ICC volume treats the same material.

Where scholars disagree about elam

Whether אֵילָם is a genuine noun meaning "porch, vestibule" (a secondary form of אוּלָם), or a text-critically insecure form whose occurrences in Ezekiel 40 should be read with אַיִל, the gate's jamb or pier.

  • majorityאֵילָם is a secondary form of אוּלָם and denotes the porch or vestibule of the Ezekiel 40 gatehouses; it is listed as a distinct lexical entry with that sense.; HALOT, s.v. אֵילָם; DCH, s.v. אֵילָם
  • minorityThe forms are text-critically insecure. BDB records the sense "porch" only on the assumption that the consonantal text is sound, and commentators on Ezekiel 40 weigh whether individual occurrences denote the gate's projecting piers (אַיִל) rather than its porch, noting that the Old Greek transliterates the gate vocabulary instead of translating it.; BDB, s.v. אֵילָם; Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2 (Hermeneia)

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. אֵילָםlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. אֵילָםlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. אֵילָםlexicon
  • Walther Zimmerli, Ezekiel 2 (Hermeneia)commentary
  • Daniel I. Block, The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 25-48 (NICOT)commentary
  • G. A. Cooke, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel (ICC)commentary

All attested forms of אֵילָם

m p construct

אֵלַמָּיו, אֵילַמָּיו

Ezk 40:21, Ezk 40:22, Ezk 40:26, Ezk 40:29, Ezk 40:29, Ezk 40:31, Ezk 40:33, Ezk 40:33

f p absolute

אֵלַמּוֹת

Ezk 40:16, Ezk 40:30