StrongerBible

chortos

χόρτος

GreekG5528grass, hay, ...

Appears 15 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 6:30Mat 13:26Mat 14:19Mrk 4:28Mrk 6:39Luk 12:28Jhn 6:101Co 3:12Jas 1:10Jas 1:111Pe 1:24 (3×)Rev 8:7Rev 9:4
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeKHOR-tossnoun

What chortos means

grass: the low green plants that carpet open ground, including the young blade of a grain crop and, once cut and dried, hay

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This is the ordinary word for grass, the green stuff that covers a field. It is not a narrow botanical term. It sweeps in the wild plants and wildflowers of the open country, the tender green blade of a grain crop before its head of grain forms, and the same growth once it has been cut and dried into hay. In every case it names the low, leafy green cover of the ground, whatever stage that cover is in.

Long before the New Testament the word had meant an enclosed farmyard where animals were penned. By the first century that older sense was completely gone, and it simply meant grass. So it turns up in plain, down-to-earth settings: a crowd sitting on the grass by the lake, the first green blade in a farming parable, the dry hay stuffed into a poor roof, the vegetation scorched in a scene of judgment.

What gives the word its punch in a few famous passages is not the word itself but an image the Old Testament had already made famous. In Isaiah, all human life is grass: it springs up green, then the hot wind dries it and its flower drops, while God's word lasts forever. New Testament writers reach for grass to carry that same picture. It reassures (if God dresses the short-lived grass, he will care for you), it humbles (the rich man will fade like a meadow flower), and it lifts up God's enduring word against everything that withers.

Nuances

1athe living green grass and wild plants covering open ground
Mat 14:19Mrk 6:39Jhn 6:10Rev 8:7Rev 9:4
1bwild field-grass as the picture of what is here today and gone tomorrow
Mat 6:30Luk 12:28Jas 1:10Jas 1:111Pe 1:24 (3×)
1cthe tender green blade of a grain plant, before the head of grain forms
Mat 13:26Mrk 4:28
1dgrass that has been cut and dried: hay
1Co 3:12

What scholars say about chortos

The lexica reconstruct a clean drift from the Homeric sense of a walled farmyard (from an Indo-European root for enclosure, cognate with Latin hortus and English yard/garden) through fodder and pasturage to the plain Koine sense grass/hay/herbage; LSJ already notes the word passing over from the first meaning. By New Testament times the enclosure sense is unattested, as Moulton-Milligan document from the agricultural papyri. BDAG gives two senses (grass, including the blade of a cereal plant; and cut, dried grass = hay at 1 Cor 3:12); Louw-Nida place it in domain 3.15; the word gets no standalone article in TDNT or Spicq, being lexically non-theological. In the Septuagint it renders Hebrew chatsir, deshe, and eseb, and the decisive intertext for the NT is Isaiah 40:6-8 (all flesh is grass), standing behind 1 Peter 1:24 (near-verbatim), James 1:10-11, and the wisdom edge of Matthew 6 // Luke 12. Two interpretive debates recur, neither about the lexeme: whether Mark's "green grass" (6:39) reflects eyewitness recollection (Bauckham, Hengel, Edwards), a Psalm 23 shepherd allusion (Allison, Yarbro Collins, Watts), Passover-season timing (France), or bare vividness (Gundry), with Marcus and Collins holding the layers together; and whether the materials of 1 Corinthians 3:12 encode particular doctrines (older allegory) or simply a durable-versus-perishable contrast (Conzelmann, Fee, Thiselton, Garland, with Shanor's temple-building parallels), against a 2022 minority reading by Sykora and Schnabel. Beale reads Revelation 8:7 as Exodus-plague and de-creation imagery.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. χόρτοςlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. χόρτοςlexicon
  • J. P. Louw and E. A. Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, 3.15lexicon
  • J. H. Moulton and G. Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, s.v. χόρτοςlexicon
  • EDNT 3:472, s.v. χόρτοςdictionary
  • W. D. Davies and D. C. Allison, Matthew (ICC), on 6:30commentary
  • Anthony C. Thiselton, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NIGTC), on 3:12commentary
  • Karen H. Jobes, 1 Peter (BECNT), on 1:24-25commentary
  • G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation (NIGTC), on 8:7commentary
  • Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnessesmonograph

All attested forms of χόρτος

accusative m s

χόρτον

Mat 6:30, Mrk 4:28, Luk 12:28, 1Co 3:12, Jas 1:11, Rev 9:4

nominative m s

χόρτος

Mat 13:26, Jhn 6:10, 1Pe 1:24, 1Pe 1:24, Rev 8:7

genitive m s

χόρτου

Mat 14:19, Jas 1:10, 1Pe 1:24

dative m s

χόρτῳ

Mrk 6:39