StrongerBible

hupomonē

ὑπομονή

GreekG5281patience, endurance, ...

Appears 32 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Luk 8:15Luk 21:19Rom 2:7Rom 5:3Rom 5:4Rom 8:25Rom 15:4Rom 15:52Co 1:62Co 6:42Co 12:12Col 1:111Th 1:32Th 1:42Th 3:51Ti 6:112Ti 3:10Tit 2:2Heb 10:36Heb 12:1Jas 1:3Jas 1:4Jas 5:112Pe 1:6 (2×)Rev 1:9Rev 2:2Rev 2:3Rev 2:19Rev 3:10Rev 13:10Rev 14:12
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradehoop-om-on-AYnoun

What hupomonē means

steadfast endurance: holding one's ground in faith under pressure, sustained by hope in God

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

The word is built from two parts that together mean a remaining under, the picture of a soldier who stands his ground instead of breaking and running. But the New Testament writers did not borrow this word for grim, gritted-teeth toughness, and they did not mean the mild, passive thing we usually call patience. They meant something active and forward-leaning: the kind of holding firm that keeps going precisely because it expects God to make things right in the end.

That hopeful coloring came from the Greek Old Testament, where this word and its verb were used again and again to translate Hebrew words for waiting on God and hoping in him. So by the time the New Testament writers picked it up, the word already carried trust in God built into it. Endurance here is hope lived out over time under hard conditions, not self-reliant willpower.

The senses below are not different meanings but the same virtue seen from different angles: the way a believer holds firm under affliction, endurance named as a settled quality of Christian character to be pursued, and the endurance that comes from God and is patterned on Christ's own steadfastness. One word ties them together because, for these writers, all three are the same thing: faith and hope holding their ground when life pushes back.

Nuances

1athe act of holding firm under affliction, persecution, or trial, oriented toward God's vindication
Luk 8:15Luk 21:19Rom 5:3Rom 5:4Rom 8:252Co 1:62Co 6:41Th 1:32Th 1:4Heb 10:36Heb 12:1Jas 1:3
1bendurance as a settled quality of Christian character, named among the virtues to be possessed or pursued
Rom 2:72Co 12:12Col 1:111Ti 6:112Ti 3:10Tit 2:22Pe 1:6 (2×)
1cthe endurance that belongs to or is given by God and Christ, held up as both source and pattern for the believer's own
Rom 15:4Rom 15:52Th 3:5Rev 3:10

What scholars say about hupomonē

There is rare consensus that NT ὑπομονή is not passive patience but active, hope-grounded endurance: Hauck's classic formula in TDNT calls it "an endurance which is grounded in waiting," and Spicq, NIDNTTE, EDNT, and BDAG concur. The word inherits two streams: a classical military-philosophical sense of standing one's ground (LSJ; cf. the Stoic preference for the adjacent term καρτερία, which the NT pointedly avoids) and a Septuagintal sense of expectant waiting on YHWH, where the noun regularly renders Hebrew תִּקְוָה and מִקְוֶה (Muraoka; Ortiz Valdivieso). 4 Maccabees fused these into the heroic martyr-virtue ("by endurance they conquered the tyrant," 4 Macc 1:11; 17:12), the concept the NT writers take up. Trench's Synonyms §LIII supplies the standard distinction from μακροθυμία (endurance toward things versus longsuffering toward persons), reflected in the structure of 2 Cor 6:4-6 and in the observation that God is called μακρόθυμος but never ὑπομονῶν, so that ὁ θεὸς τῆς ὑπομονῆς (Rom 15:5) is read as a genitive of source (Cranfield, Moo, Schreiner). In Paul ὑπομονή links affliction to hope (Rom 5:3-4; 8:25; 1 Thess 1:3); in Hebrews it is faith's temporally extended posture oriented to the parousia and patterned on Christ (Koester, Lane, Attridge); in James it is the perfecting virtue, with Job's ὑπομονή (5:11) read against the Testament of Job rather than as meek patience (deSilva, Hansen, Allison); and in Revelation it is the church's central virtue, the form Christ's inaugurated reign takes under tribulation (Bauckham), read by Blount and Meyers as enduring nonviolent resistance.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • F. Hauck, "μένω κτλ.," TDNT 4 (1967): 574-88lexicon
  • C. Spicq, Theological Lexicon of the New Testament (Hendrickson, 1994), 3:414-20lexicon
  • BDAG, 3rd ed. (Chicago, 2000), s.v. ὑπομονήlexicon
  • T. Muraoka, A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (Peeters, 2009), s.v. ὑπομονήlexicon
  • R. C. Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, §LIII (London, 1880)monograph
  • C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans, ICC (T&T Clark, 1975)commentary
  • D. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, NICNT (Eerdmans, 1996)commentary
  • C. R. Koester, Hebrews, AB 36 (Doubleday, 2001)commentary
  • D. C. Allison Jr., James, ICC (T&T Clark, 2013)commentary
  • R. Bauckham, The Theology of the Book of Revelation (CUP, 1993)monograph
  • J. D. Meyers, "Hypomonē as 'Enduring Resistance'," The Bible Translator 69.1 (2018): 40-55article

All attested forms of ὑπομονή

accusative f s

ὑπομονὴν, ὑπομονήν

Rom 2:7, Rom 5:3, Col 1:11, 2Th 3:5, Jas 5:11, Rev 2:3, 1Ti 6:11, Jas 1:3

dative f s

ὑπομονῇ

Luk 8:15, Luk 21:19, 2Co 1:6, 2Co 6:4, 2Co 12:12, 2Ti 3:10, Tit 2:2, 2Pe 1:6

genitive f s

ὑπομονῆς

Rom 8:25, Rom 15:4, Rom 15:5, 1Th 1:3, 2Th 1:4, Heb 10:36, Heb 12:1, Rev 3:10

nominative f s

ὑπομονὴ

Rom 5:4, Jas 1:4, Rev 13:10, Rev 14:12