StrongerBible

sōtēria

σωτηρία

GreekG4991salvation, deliverance, ...

Appears 51 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mrk 16:8Luk 1:69Luk 1:71Luk 1:77Luk 3:6Luk 19:9Jhn 4:22Act 4:12Act 7:25Act 13:26Act 13:47Act 16:17Act 27:34Act 28:28Rom 1:16Rom 10:1Rom 10:10Rom 11:11Rom 13:112Co 1:6 (2×)2Co 6:2 (2×)2Co 7:10Eph 1:13Eph 6:17Php 1:19Php 1:28Php 2:121Th 5:82Th 2:132Ti 3:15Tit 2:11Heb 1:14Rev 7:10Rev 12:10Rev 19:1
Root family
Word studyResearch-gradeso-tay-REE-ahnoun

What sōtēria means

1

salvation: the rescue God works for his people, brought to its center in Jesus, covering past, present, and future

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

This is the great word the New Testament writers reached for to name everything God does to save. They inherited it from ordinary Greek, where it meant being kept safe, and from the Greek Old Testament, where it carried the memory of God parting the sea and raising up rescuers for Israel. Onto that they piled the whole work of Jesus:

  • forgiveness of sins
  • deliverance from God's judgment
  • a place among God's restored people

The senses below sort the same rescue by its timing rather than by different content.

  • The Gospel writers look back to the long story of God saving Israel.
  • The apostles announce that this rescue has now arrived and is offered to everyone in Jesus.
  • The same writers also speak of a salvation still ahead, finished only when Christ returns.

One word holds all three because it is one rescue unfolding in stages, not three unrelated things.

Because it spans so much, the word resists being shrunk to any single slice. It is not merely going to heaven, nor merely a private inner experience: it is bodily and spiritual, personal and communal, already begun and not yet complete.

Nuances

1aGod's saving work in Israel's story, the long rescue the Old Testament looks back on and the people still hoped for
Luk 1:69Luk 1:71Luk 1:77Jhn 4:22Act 7:25Act 13:26Rom 10:1Rom 11:11
1bthe salvation now arrived and offered to everyone in Jesus, received in the present by those who believe
Luk 3:6Luk 19:9Act 4:12Act 13:47Act 16:17Act 28:28Rom 1:16Rom 10:102Co 1:6 (2×)2Co 6:2 (2×)2Co 7:10Eph 1:13
1cthe final deliverance still awaited, completed when Christ returns and his people are rescued from judgment into glory
Rom 13:11Eph 6:17Php 1:28Php 2:121Th 5:81Th 5:92Th 2:13Heb 1:14Heb 2:10Heb 5:9Heb 9:281Pe 1:5
2

safety: rescue from physical danger, being kept alive and unharmed

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

The New Testament also uses the word in its plainest, everyday sense: being brought safely through a real physical threat. This is how ordinary Greek speakers used it, and the writers keep that meaning without embarrassment, side by side with the loaded religious meaning above.

The two clearest cases are a crew surviving a shipwreck and a family carried alive through the flood. The point is not symbolic in these verses: people who were in danger of dying did not die. Naming this as its own meaning keeps the everyday sense honest and stops every occurrence from being forced into a theological mold.

Act 27:34Heb 11:7

What scholars say about sōtēria

In secular Greek (LSJ; Moulton-Milligan; Spicq) soteria is overwhelmingly concrete: deliverance, preservation, safe return, and bodily health, with the agent-noun soter serving as a formal honorific for gods, kings, benefactors, and physicians (Asclepius, Zeus Soter, and from the Diadochi onward the imperial Soter titulature documented by Deissmann, Danker's Benefactor, Koester, Harrison, and Winter). The decisive shift is the Septuagint, which poured the Hebrew salvation vocabulary (yeshuah, teshuah, yesha, plus the shelamim peace offering rendered soterion) into this one lexeme, giving it the historical, eschatological, and theological depth Foerster-Fohrer chart in TDNT 7:965-1024 and Sawyer analyzes in his study of the moshia. The NT writers exploit the full inherited breadth at once. The temporal structure is the central observation in Pauline studies (Dunn, Theology of Paul): the future indicative and present participle dominate, framing an already/not-yet salvation; Romans 13:11 is the agreed-clearest future use, while 2 Corinthians 6:2 is the most realized. Luke-Acts holds the densest concentration and the fullest range, from bodily survival in the shipwreck (Acts 27:34) to the unique saving name (Acts 4:12), with the neuter substantive forming a Simeon-to-Acts inclusio (Marshall, Green, Bock, Fitzmyer). Hebrews tilts the word toward the future and the priestly (Attridge, Lane, Koester), and 1 Peter's salvation of psychon means whole persons, not disembodied souls, on the now-standard Hebraic reading (Achtemeier, Elliott, Jobes, Green). Revelation's three throne-room acclamations form a doxological counter-liturgy (Aune, Bauckham, Friesen). Barr's warning against illegitimate totality transfer remains the controlling discipline: not every nuance is active in every verse.

In-depth research

This is a research paper, so it may be hard to read without scholarly background. It is useful if you want to dig even deeper into this word.

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. σωτηρία, 985-86lexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. σωτηρίαlexicon
  • C. Spicq, Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, 3:344-57lexicon
  • W. Foerster and G. Fohrer, "σῴζω, σωτηρία, σωτήρ," TDNT 7:965-1024theological-dictionary
  • J. F. A. Sawyer, "What Was a Mosia?," VT 15 (1965) 475-86journal
  • J. D. G. Dunn, The Theology of Paul the Apostle (1998), ch. 18monograph
  • J. B. Green, The Theology of the Gospel of Luke (1995)monograph
  • H. W. Attridge, Hebrews, Hermeneia (1989)commentary
  • P. J. Achtemeier, 1 Peter, Hermeneia (1996)commentary
  • R. Bauckham, The Theology of the Book of Revelation (1993)monograph

All attested forms of σωτηρία

genitive f s

σωτηρίας, σωτηριας

Mrk 16:8, Luk 1:69, Luk 1:77, Act 13:26, Act 16:17, Act 27:34, 2Co 1:6, 2Co 6:2

accusative f s

σωτηρίαν

Luk 1:71, Act 7:25, Act 13:47, Rom 1:16, Rom 10:1, Rom 10:10, 2Co 7:10, Php 1:19

nominative f s

σωτηρία, σωτήριος

Luk 19:9, Jhn 4:22, Act 4:12, Rom 11:11, Rom 13:11, Rev 7:10, Rev 12:10, Rev 19:1

accusative n s

σωτήριον

Luk 3:6

genitive n s

σωτηρίου

Eph 6:17

nominative n s

σωτήριον

Act 28:28