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eimi

εἰμί

GreekG1510is, exist, ...

εἶναι G1511 redirects here (merged variant of this lemma)

Appears 2540 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Mat 1:18Mat 1:20Mat 1:23Mat 2:2Mat 2:9Mat 2:15Mat 2:18Mat 3:3Mat 3:4Mat 3:11 (2×)Mat 3:15Mat 3:17Mat 5:3Mat 5:10Mat 5:34Mat 5:35 (2×)Mat 5:37Mat 5:48Mat 6:13Mat 6:21Mat 6:23Mat 7:13Mat 7:14Mat 7:15Mat 7:27Mat 7:29Mat 8:8Mat 8:9Mat 8:30Mat 10:24Mat 10:30Mat 10:37 (2×)Mat 10:38Mat 11:8Mat 11:16Mat 11:29Mat 12:4Mat 12:5Mat 12:10Mat 12:40Mat 12:48Mat 12:50Mat 13:31Mat 13:32Mat 13:33Mat 13:37Mat 13:38 (2×)Mat 13:39Mat 13:44Mat 13:45
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studyay-MEEverb

What eimi means

to be: the plain verb of being, used to link a subject to what is said about it, to say that something exists, and to say where someone is.

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintyStrong

This is the ordinary Greek word for to be, and it is one of the most common words in the New Testament. Most of the time it does the quiet grammatical work that English does with is, are, was, and will be: it joins a subject to a description. "This is my beloved Son." "Blessed are the poor in spirit." In a sentence like that the word carries almost no weight of its own; it simply ties the two halves together.

The same verb can also make a stronger claim. It can say flatly that something exists, as when Hebrews says anyone who comes to God must believe that he is. And it can say where someone is or that they are present, as when the angel tells Joseph to stay in Egypt or when the disciples ask the risen Jesus where he is staying. These are not different words, just the one verb pressed into the three jobs of connecting, existing, and being present.

One special use stands out. In John's Gospel Jesus repeatedly says "I am" (in Greek, ego eimi). Sometimes he completes it ("I am the bread of life," "I am the good shepherd"), and sometimes he leaves it hanging in a way that startles his hearers ("before Abraham was, I am"). Here the plain verb of being is doing something far from plain: it points to who Jesus is, and it echoes the way God names himself in the Hebrew Scriptures.

So the range of the word runs from the most colorless grammar to the most loaded claim in the Gospel, all from a single verb. The reader's task is to let the sentence, not the dictionary, decide how much weight it is carrying.

Nuances

1athe linking use: to join a subject to a description, equal to English is, are, was, will be.
Mat 3:17Mat 5:3Mat 5:13Mat 5:14Mat 16:16Mrk 1:11Luk 1:19Jhn 1:1Jhn 3:6Rom 1:71Co 12:41Co 12:5
1bthe existence use: to say that something or someone exists, that there is or there are.
Mat 7:9Mat 18:7Mat 18:14Mat 22:32 (2×)Mat 24:6Mrk 4:22Mrk 7:4Act 17:28Rom 4:171Co 8:5Heb 11:1Heb 11:6
1cthe presence use: to be in a place, to be present, to stay or remain somewhere.
Mat 2:2Mat 2:13Mat 6:21Mat 9:15Mat 12:6Mat 18:20 (2×)Mat 24:26Mat 24:33Mrk 1:13Mrk 5:11Jhn 7:34Jhn 12:26
1dthe "I am" of Jesus in John: the self-revealing declaration ego eimi, both completed ("I am the bread of life") and left open ("before Abraham was, I am").
TranslatabilityPartial
Jhn 6:35Jhn 8:12Jhn 8:24Jhn 8:28Jhn 8:58Jhn 10:7Jhn 10:9Jhn 10:11Jhn 13:19Jhn 18:5Jhn 18:6Jhn 18:8

Uncategorized

Awaiting AI sense categorization.

12 verses
Mat 1:18Mat 1:19Mat 2:6Mat 2:9Mat 2:15Mat 2:18Mat 3:4Mat 4:3Mat 4:6Mat 4:18Mat 5:11Mat 5:21

What scholars say about eimi

BDAG treats εἰμί under a single headword with a graded set of functions: as a copula linking subject and predicate (its dominant role), as a verb of existence ("there is," with the existential ἔστιν), as a verb of presence or location ("to be in/at"), and in fixed idioms. The Johannine ἐγώ εἰμι sayings are widely discussed as a distinct category: the predicated sayings ("I am the bread," etc.) and the absolute uses (8:24, 8:28, 8:58, 13:19, 18:5-8). A major strand of scholarship, following the work surveyed in TDNT (Stauffer, s.v. ἐγώ) and developed by R. E. Brown and C. K. Barrett in their John commentaries, reads the absolute sayings against the Septuagint's rendering of the divine self-designation in Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 43:10-13 (ἐγώ εἰμι), hearing a claim to share the identity of Israel's God. A more cautious line (e.g. P. B. Harner) distinguishes the genuinely absolute occurrences from those with an implied predicate, and notes that the formula can also serve simple recognition ("it is I"). On the syntax of John 1:1c, where θεός is anarthrous, see Harner's study of qualitative predicate nouns and the standard grammars (BDF; Wallace).

Where scholars disagree about eimi

Whether the absolute "I am" sayings in John (especially 8:58) are a deliberate claim to the divine name of Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah, or whether some are ordinary self-identification ("it is I") that later readers have over-read.

  • majorityThe absolute ego eimi in John 8:24, 8:28, 8:58, and 13:19 echoes the Septuagint's ego eimi for God in Isaiah 43 and the divine self-naming of Exodus 3:14, presenting Jesus as sharing the identity of Israel's God.; R. E. Brown, The Gospel According to John (Anchor Bible), Appendix IV; C. K. Barrett, The Gospel According to St John, 2nd ed.
  • minorityOnly some occurrences are truly absolute; the formula must be weighed case by case, since the same words can mean plain recognition, and the divine-name reading should not be imposed on every instance.; P. B. Harner, The "I Am" of the Fourth Gospel

Sources

  • BDAG, s.v. εἰμίlexicon
  • LSJ, s.v. εἰμίlexicon
  • E. Stauffer, "ἐγώ," TDNT 2:343-362theological-dictionary
  • R. E. Brown, The Gospel According to John (Anchor Bible), Appendix IV: Ego Eimicommentary
  • C. K. Barrett, The Gospel According to St John, 2nd ed.commentary
  • P. B. Harner, The "I Am" of the Fourth Gospelmonograph
  • F. Blass, A. Debrunner, R. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament (BDF)grammar

All attested forms of εἰμί

present active indicative 3s

ἐστιν, ἔστιν, ἐστὶν, ἐστίν, Ἔστιν

Mat 1:20, Mat 1:23, Mat 2:2, Mat 3:3, Mat 3:17, Mat 5:3, Mat 5:10, Mat 5:35

imperfect active indicative 3s

ἦν, Ἦν

Mat 1:18, Mat 2:9, Mat 2:15, Mat 3:4, Mat 7:27, Mat 7:29, Mat 8:30, Mat 12:4

present active indicative 3p

εἰσιν, εἰσὶν, εἰσίν, Εἰσὶν

Mat 7:13, Mat 7:15, Mat 12:5, Mat 13:38, Mat 13:38, Mat 13:39, Mat 13:56, Mat 15:14

present active indicative 1s

εἰμι, εἰμὶ, εἰμί, ἐιμι

Mat 8:9, Mat 11:29, Mat 14:27, Mat 18:20, Mat 20:15, Mat 22:32, Mat 24:5, Mat 26:22

present active infinitive

εἶναι, εἶναί, ειναι

Mat 16:13, Mat 16:15, Mat 17:4, Mat 19:21, Mat 20:27, Mat 22:23, Mrk 1:34, Mrk 8:27

future middle indicative 3s

ἔσται

Mat 5:21, Mat 5:22, Mat 5:22, Mat 5:22, Mat 6:21, Mat 6:22, Mat 6:23, Mat 8:12

imperfect active indicative 3p

ἦσαν, Ἦσαν

Mat 4:18, Mat 9:36, Mat 14:21, Mat 15:38, Mat 22:8, Mat 22:25, Mat 24:38, Mat 25:2

present active indicative 2p

ἐστε, ἐστὲ, ἐστέ

Mat 5:11, Mat 5:13, Mat 5:14, Mat 8:26, Mat 10:20, Mat 15:16, Mat 23:8, Mat 23:28

present active indicative 2s

εἶ

Mat 2:6, Mat 4:3, Mat 4:6, Mat 5:25, Mat 11:3, Mat 14:28, Mat 14:33, Mat 16:16

present active indicative 1p

ἐσμεν, ἐσμὲν, ἐσμέν

Mrk 5:9, Luk 17:10, Jhn 8:33, Jhn 9:40, Jhn 10:30, Jhn 17:22, Act 2:32, Act 3:15

present active participle nominative m s

ὢν, ὤν

Mat 1:19, Mat 12:30, Mrk 13:16, Mrk 14:43, Luk 3:23, Luk 11:23, Luk 24:6, Luk 24:44

present active subjunctive 3s

Mat 6:4, Mat 6:22, Mat 6:23, Mat 10:13, Mat 10:13, Mat 20:4, Mat 20:7, Mat 24:28

future middle indicative 3p

ἔσονται, ἔσονταί

Mat 12:27, Mat 19:5, Mat 19:30, Mat 20:16, Mat 24:7, Mat 24:40, Mrk 10:8, Mrk 10:31

present active participle nominative m p

ὄντες

Mat 7:11, Mat 12:34, Luk 6:3, Luk 20:36, Luk 23:12, Jhn 9:40, Jhn 11:31, Act 11:1

imperfect middle indicative 1s

ἤμην

Mat 25:35, Mat 25:36, Mat 25:43, Mrk 14:49, Jhn 11:15, Jhn 16:4, Jhn 17:12, Act 10:30

present active imperative 3s

ἔστω, ἤτω

Mat 5:37, Mat 18:17, Act 1:20, Act 2:14, Act 4:10, Act 13:38, Act 28:28, 2Co 12:16

present active participle genitive m s

ὄντος

Mrk 8:1, Mrk 14:3, Mrk 14:66, Luk 14:32, Luk 22:53, Jhn 5:13, Act 14:13, Act 18:12

future middle indicative 1s

ἔσομαι

Mat 17:17, Mrk 9:19, Luk 9:41, Jhn 8:55, 1Co 14:11, 2Co 6:16, 2Co 6:18, 2Co 12:6

future middle indicative 2p

ἔσεσθε, ἔσεσθέ

Mat 5:48, Mat 6:5, Mat 10:22, Mat 24:9, Mrk 13:13, Luk 6:35, Luk 21:17, Jhn 8:36

present active optative 3s

εἴη

Luk 1:29, Luk 3:15, Luk 8:9, Luk 9:46, Luk 15:26, Luk 18:36, Luk 22:23, Jhn 13:24

present active participle accusative m s

ὄντα

Mat 6:30, Luk 12:28, Luk 22:3, Luk 23:7, Jhn 1:48, Act 8:23, Act 24:10, Act 26:3

present active subjunctive 3p

ὦσιν

Mrk 3:14, Jhn 17:11, Jhn 17:19, Jhn 17:21, Jhn 17:21, Jhn 17:22, Jhn 17:23, Jhn 17:24

present active participle accusative m p

ὄντας

Act 9:2, Act 16:3, Act 22:5, Act 28:17, Rom 16:11, Eph 2:1, Eph 2:5, Php 1:7

imperfect active indicative 2p

ἦτε

Jhn 9:41, Jhn 15:19, Rom 6:17, Rom 6:20, Rom 6:20, 1Co 6:11, 1Co 12:2, Eph 2:12

present active participle dative m p

οὖσιν

Mrk 2:26, Act 16:21, Act 20:34, Act 25:23, Rom 1:7, Rom 8:28, 2Co 1:1, Gal 4:8

present active subjunctive 2p

ἦτε

Jhn 14:3, Rom 11:25, 1Co 1:10, 1Co 5:7, 1Co 7:5, 2Co 9:3, 2Co 13:9, Php 1:10

future middle indicative 2s

ἔσῃ

Luk 1:20, Luk 5:10, Luk 14:14, Luk 23:43, Act 13:11, Act 22:15, Eph 6:3, 1Ti 4:6

imperfect active indicative 1p

ἦμεν

Act 11:11, Act 16:12, Act 20:8, Rom 7:5, Gal 4:3, 1Th 3:4, 2Th 3:10, Tit 3:3

imperfect active indicative 2s

ἦς

Mat 25:21, Mat 25:23, Jhn 11:21, Jhn 11:32, Jhn 21:18, Rev 3:15

present active participle accusative f s

οὖσαν

Luk 13:16, Act 13:1, Act 17:16, Act 19:35, Rom 16:1, Eph 4:18

present active participle genitive f s

οὔσης, Οὔσης

Mrk 11:11, Jhn 4:9, Jhn 20:1, Act 9:38, Act 11:22, Jhn 20:19

future middle infinitive

ἔσεσθαι

Act 11:28, Act 23:30, Act 24:15, Act 24:25, Act 27:10

imperfect middle indicative 1p

ἤμεθα

Mat 23:30, Mat 23:30, Act 27:37, Gal 4:3, Eph 2:3

present active imperative 2s

ἴσθι, Ἴσθι

Mat 2:13, Mrk 5:34, Luk 19:17, 1Ti 4:15, Mat 5:25

present active participle accusative n p

ὄντα

Act 7:12, Rom 4:17, Rom 4:17, 1Co 1:28, 1Co 1:28

present active participle genitive m p

ὄντων

Jhn 21:11, Rom 5:6, Rom 5:8, 1Ti 2:2, Heb 8:4

present active participle nominative f s

οὖσα

Mrk 5:25, Luk 8:43, Act 5:17, Act 9:39, 1Co 8:7

future middle indicative 1p

ἐσόμεθα

Rom 6:5, 1Th 4:17, 1Jn 3:2, 1Jn 3:2

present active participle dative f s

οὔσῃ

Luk 2:5, Act 24:24, 1Co 1:2, 2Co 1:1

present active participle dative m s

ὄντι

Act 7:2, Rom 4:10, Rom 7:23, Rom 12:3

13 further parsings are listed under Syntax.