StrongerBible

shaqaph

שָׁקַף

HebrewH8259look down, look out, ...

Appears 22 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 18:16Gen 19:28Gen 26:8Exo 14:24Num 21:20Num 23:28Deu 26:15Jdg 5:281Sa 13:182Sa 6:162Sa 24:202Ki 9:302Ki 9:321Ch 15:29Psa 14:2Psa 53:2(3)Psa 85:11(12)Psa 102:19(20)Pro 7:6Sng 6:10Jer 6:1Lam 3:50
Root family
Word studyshaw-KAHFverb

What shaqaph means

to look down or out from a high or enclosed vantage point: to lean out, gaze down, or face toward something below or beyond

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

This verb pictures a gaze aimed from a vantage point: someone leaning out of a window, looking down from a rooftop or height, or (of God) looking down from heaven. It is not merely to see, which is the plain verb רָאָה; it fixes the eyes downward or outward, from above or from within an enclosure, onto whatever lies below or beyond.

The same physical act shows up in several settings. A person leans out to look, as in the recurring scenes of a woman watching from a window. God bends his gaze from heaven to observe and then to act. A mountain or ridge is said to "look out" over the land it faces. And something can "look forth" as it comes into view, like the dawn breaking or disaster looming on the horizon.

What holds these together is the line of sight: the eye travels from a higher or hidden place toward something in view. Whether the one looking is a watching mother, a searching God, an overlooking summit, or the rising dawn, the word frames the seer as positioned above or within, gazing out.

Nuances

1ato look out or down: a person gazing from a window, doorway, or height at what lies below or beyond
TranslatabilityDirect
Gen 18:16Gen 19:28Gen 26:8Jdg 5:282Sa 6:162Sa 24:202Ki 9:302Ki 9:321Ch 15:29Pro 7:6
1b(of God) to look down from heaven: to turn the divine gaze earthward to observe and act
TranslatabilityDirect
Exo 14:24Deu 26:15Psa 14:2Psa 53:2(3)Psa 102:19(20)Lam 3:50
1c(of a height or border) to overlook: to face out over and command a view of the land below
Num 21:20Num 23:281Sa 13:18
1dto look forth, appear, or shine out: to emerge into view as if leaning out from above
Psa 85:11(12)Sng 6:10Jer 6:1

What scholars say about shaqaph

The lexicons (HALOT, BDB, DCH) treat שׁקף as a single root meaning to look down or out, spread across a reflexive-passive stem (a person leaning out, a place facing toward, a thing becoming visible) and a causative stem (looking down, especially God from heaven). The niphal shades from the concrete "lean out to look" to the intransitive "be visible, appear," which lets a height "look out" over a region and lets the dawn, disaster, or righteousness "look forth." The recurring scene of a woman watching from a window (the mother of Sisera in Judges 5:28, Michal in 2 Samuel 6:16, Jezebel in 2 Kings 9:30) has been studied as a fixed literary motif.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. שׁקףlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. שׁקףlexicon
  • DCH, s.v. שׁקףlexicon

All attested forms of שָׁקַף

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיַּשְׁקֵף

Gen 19:28, Gen 26:8, Exo 14:24, 2Sa 24:20

niphal perfect 3fs

נִשְׁקְפָה

Jdg 5:28, 2Sa 6:16, 1Ch 15:29, Jer 6:1

hiphil perfect 3ms

הִשְׁקִיף

Psa 14:2, Psa 53:2, Psa 102:19

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3mp

וַיַּשְׁקִיפוּ, וַיַּשְׁקִפוּ

2Ki 9:32, Gen 18:16

niphal participle f s absolute

נִשְׁקָפָה, נִּשְׁקָפָה

Num 21:20, Sng 6:10

niphal participle m s absolute

נִּשְׁקָף

Num 23:28, 1Sa 13:18

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3fs

וַתַּשְׁקֵף

2Ki 9:30

hiphil imperative 2ms

הַשְׁקִיפָ

Deu 26:15

hiphil imperfect 3ms

יַשְׁקִיף

Lam 3:50

niphal perfect 1cs

נִשְׁקָפְתִּי

Pro 7:6

niphal perfect 3ms

נִשְׁקָף

Psa 85:11