StrongerBible

sum

שׂוּם

AramaicH7761make, set, ...

Appears 26 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezr 4:19Ezr 4:21 (2×)Ezr 5:3Ezr 5:8Ezr 5:9Ezr 5:13Ezr 5:14Ezr 5:17Ezr 6:1Ezr 6:3Ezr 6:8Ezr 6:11Ezr 6:12Ezr 7:13Ezr 7:21Dan 2:5Dan 3:10Dan 3:12Dan 3:29Dan 4:6(3)Dan 5:12Dan 6:13(14)Dan 6:14(15)Dan 6:17(18)Dan 6:26(27)
Word studySOOMverb

What sum means

to set in place: to put or lay something, and by extension to appoint, name, or issue a command

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

At its root this Aramaic verb means simply to set or place something: to lay a beam in a wall, to roll a stone over the mouth of a pit. From that plain physical act the word stretches in several natural directions, the way English "set" or "put" can mean far more than moving an object.

Most of its uses in Ezra and Daniel are not physical at all. Its signature use is a fixed royal phrase, literally "to set an order," which means to issue a decree. Almost every time a king in these books commands something, this is the verb, so the word carries the weight of official, published authority. The same phrase turned toward a person means to pay heed or give regard to someone.

The verb reaches further still: to set a name on a person (to name or rename them), to set someone in an office (to appoint), to set the mind on a task (to give it one's full attention), and to set one thing as another (to make or turn it into that). All of these are the one act of setting, aimed at different targets, which is why a single small word does so much work in these two books.

Nuances

1ato issue a decree: to set out an official order or command
Ezr 4:19Ezr 4:21 (2×)Ezr 5:3Ezr 5:9Ezr 5:13Ezr 5:17Ezr 6:1Ezr 6:3Ezr 6:8Ezr 6:11Ezr 6:12Ezr 7:13
1bto pay heed to: to give regard or attention to a person or their command
Dan 3:12Dan 6:13(14)
1cto place or lay: to put a physical object in position
TranslatabilityDirect
Ezr 5:8Dan 6:17(18)
1dto make or appoint: to establish someone or something as something
Ezr 5:14Dan 2:5
1eto give a name: to name or rename someone
TranslatabilityDirect
Dan 5:12
1fto set the mind on: to turn one's full attention toward a purpose
Dan 6:14(15)

What scholars say about sum

Biblical Aramaic שׂים / שׂום is the direct cognate of Hebrew שׂים / שׂום, and the standard lexica (HALOT, Aramaic section; BDB, Aramaic section) treat it as a single verb "to put, place, set" with an extended semantic range. The corpus is dominated by fixed administrative collocations: שׂים טעם ("to set an order") for issuing a decree, the same phrase with על for giving heed, שׂים שֻׁם for naming, and שׂים בָּל (על) for directing attention. The occurrences fall in the two Aramaic sections of Ezra and Daniel, which accounts for the heavy skew toward chancery and royal-decree language.

Sources

  • Koehler, Baumgartner, and Stamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), Aramaic section, s.v. שׂיםlexicon
  • Brown, Driver, and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (BDB), Biblical Aramaic section, s.v. שׂיםlexicon
  • Franz Rosenthal, A Grammar of Biblical Aramaicgrammar

All attested forms of שׂוּם

peal perfect 3ms

שָׂם, שָׂמֵ

Ezr 5:3, Ezr 5:9, Ezr 5:13, Ezr 6:1, Ezr 6:3, Dan 5:12, Dan 6:13, Dan 6:14

peil perfect 3ms

שִׂים

Ezr 4:19, Ezr 5:17, Ezr 6:8, Ezr 6:11, Ezr 7:13, Ezr 7:21, Dan 3:29, Dan 4:6

hitpael imperfect 3mp

יִתְּשָׂמוּן

Dan 2:5

hitpael imperfect 3ms

יִתְּשָׂם

Ezr 4:21

hitpael participle m s absolute

מִתְּשָׂם

Ezr 5:8

peal imperative 2mp

שִׂימוּ

Ezr 4:21

peal perfect 1cs

שָׂמֶת

Ezr 6:12

peal perfect 2ms

שָׂמְתָּ

Dan 3:10

peal perfect 3mp

שָׂמוּ

Dan 3:12

peil perfect 3fs

שֻׂמַת

Dan 6:17