StrongerBible

shul

שׁוּל

HebrewH7757hem, train, ...

Appears 11 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Exo 28:33 (2×)Exo 28:34Exo 39:24Exo 39:25Exo 39:26Isa 6:1Jer 13:22Jer 13:26Lam 1:9Nam 3:5
Word studySHOOLnoun

What shul means

the lower hem of a long robe: the bottom border that runs all the way around and trails nearest the ground

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

Ancient robes reached the ankles, so their lowest edge was a large and visible part of the garment. This word names exactly that edge: the border running around the bottom of a robe, the part that sweeps closest to the floor. It is narrower than a general word for any rim or border (שָׂפָה), which fits the lip of a cup or the edge of a curtain just as well, and it is not the corner where the cloth runs out (כָּנָף). Hebrew always speaks of it as a plural, much as older English says "skirts".

Because the hem is the part of a robe everyone sees first, it carries a great deal of weight. The high priest's blue robe had woven pomegranates and small gold bells fastened around its hem, so that he could be seen and heard as he moved through the sanctuary. When Isaiah saw the Lord enthroned, it was the hem of the robe, and nothing else, that filled the temple.

That same lowest edge also does the opposite work. Lifted, it exposes; left to trail, it collects whatever the wearer has walked through. The prophets use both pictures for a city being disgraced in public. So one plain word for a piece of tailoring ends up doing four different jobs:

  • decorated, the hem announces who the wearer is
  • spread out, it measures how great the wearer is
  • lifted up, it strips the wearer of honor
  • stained, it shows what the wearer has become

Nuances

1athe finished lower border of a robe, where its trim is fastened all the way around
TranslatabilityDirect
Exo 28:33 (2×)Exo 28:34Exo 39:24Exo 39:25Exo 39:26
1bthe long trailing lower part of a robe of high rank, spread out behind the wearer
TranslatabilityDirect
Isa 6:1
1ca woman's skirts, in the picture of them lifted up so that she stands exposed and shamed
Jer 13:22Jer 13:26Nam 3:5
1dthe hem of a garment as the place where a stain settles and shows
Lam 1:9

What scholars say about shul

The lexica are unanimous. BDB, HALOT, and DCH each give a single entry, "skirt, hem (of a robe)," subdividing only by context rather than by sense. The noun occurs 11 times in 10 verses, always in the plural construct, and is customarily derived from a root meaning to hang or let down; the etymology is uncertain and comparative proposals remain thin, but nothing in the dispute touches the referent. Five occurrences belong to the tabernacle instructions and their execution report (Exodus 28:33-34; 39:24-26), where alternating woven pomegranates and golden bells are fixed around the hem of the high priest's robe; Haran's treatment of the vestments is the standard discussion of the arrangement. Isaiah 6:1 applies the same noun to the train of the enthroned Lord's robe filling the temple, and the Isaiah commentaries (Wildberger) regularly note that the Septuagint paraphrases at this point, reading the house as full of his glory rather than rendering the garment term directly. The remaining occurrences are prophetic and figurative: Jeremiah 13:22, 26 and Nahum 3:5 pair the noun with verbs of uncovering and stripping in the judgment image of a personified city exposed as an adulteress, a picture Holladay and Christensen set against the public stripping penalties attested in ancient Near Eastern legal and treaty material; Lamentations 1:9 locates Zion's uncleanness in her skirts, an image of menstrual impurity clinging visibly to the garment rather than of forcible exposure.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. שׁוּלlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. שׁוּל, p. 1002lexicon
  • DCH, vol. 8, s.v. שׁוּלlexicon
  • Menahem Haran, Temples and Temple-Service in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978)monograph
  • Hans Wildberger, Isaiah 1-12, Continental Commentaries (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991), on Isaiah 6:1commentary
  • William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 1, Hermeneia (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986), on Jeremiah 13:20-27commentary
  • Duane L. Christensen, Nahum, Anchor Yale Bible 24F (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), on Nahum 3:5commentary

All attested forms of שׁוּל

m p construct

שׁוּלֵי

Exo 28:34, Exo 39:24, Exo 39:25, Exo 39:26

m p construct

שׁוּלַיִךְ

Jer 13:22, Jer 13:26, Nam 3:5

m p construct

שׁוּלָיו, וְשׁוּלָיו

Exo 28:33, Exo 28:33, Isa 6:1

m p construct

בְּשׁוּלֶיהָ

Lam 1:9