StrongerBible

raqad

רָקַד

HebrewH7540dance, skip, ...

Appears 9 times · tap a cell to see the verses

1Ch 15:29Job 21:11Psa 29:6Psa 114:4Psa 114:6Ecc 3:4Isa 13:21Jol 2:5Nam 3:2
Word studyrah-KAHDverb

What raqad means

to leap: to move in quick, springing bounds, whether in dancing, in play, or in a violent charge

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

One picture holds every use together: a body leaving the ground in quick, repeated bounds. The word does not name a style of dancing or a set of steps. It names the motion, which is why the same verb can carry a child at play, a wild goat on a ruined wall, a king before the ark, and a chariot slamming over stones.

That is also why the poets reach for it when the land itself reacts to God. In Psalm 114 the mountains leap like rams and the hills like lambs as Israel comes out of Egypt, and in Psalm 29 the voice of the LORD sets Lebanon bounding like a calf. The comparison is deliberate. Solid ground behaves like a startled young animal.

When Chronicles retells the day David brought the ark into Jerusalem, it uses this verb of the king, pairing it with the word for laughing and making merry (שָׂחַק) where the older account in 2 Samuel has a different pair, one for whirling (כָּרַר) and one for springing about (פָּזַז). The scene is the same, and so is the physical energy.

At the far end of the range the leaping turns hostile. Nahum hears a war chariot jolting through the streets of a doomed city, and Joel watches an unstoppable force bound over the mountaintops with the rumble of chariots. Nothing joyful is left, only the violent bounce of something coming fast.

Nuances

1ato dance: to celebrate with leaping, springing steps
1Ch 15:29Job 21:11Ecc 3:4
1bto frolic: of animals bounding about in a deserted place
Isa 13:21
1cto leap, of mountains and hills reacting to God's coming
Psa 114:4Psa 114:6
1dto set something leaping: to make mountains bound like young animals
Psa 29:6
1eto bound forward violently, of a war machine or an advancing army
Jol 2:5Nam 3:2

What scholars say about raqad

The lexicons treat this as a single root meaning to skip or leap, with the intensive stem used of dancing and the causative of making something skip (BDB; HALOT; DCH). The nine occurrences divide by subject rather than by any semantic development: human celebration (1 Chronicles 15:29; Ecclesiastes 3:4; Job 21:11), animals in a ruined site (Isaiah 13:21), mountains and hills in a theophany (Psalm 114:4, 6; Psalm 29:6), and the advance of a war machine (Nahum 3:2; Joel 2:5). Two points recur in the literature. First, the Chronicler's מְרַקֵּד וּמְשַׂחֵק in 1 Chronicles 15:29 replaces 2 Samuel 6:16's מְפַזֵּז וּמְכַרְכֵּר, and commentators divide over whether the substitution dignifies David's conduct before the ark or merely reflects the later writer's idiom (Klein). Second, the subject of the verb in Joel 2:5 is contested between the chariots of the simile and the locust army the simile describes.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. רקדlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. רקדlexicon
  • DCH (Clines, ed.), Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, s.v. רקדlexicon
  • TWOT, s.v. רקדtheological-dictionary
  • Ralph W. Klein, 1 Chronicles (Hermeneia; Fortress, 2006), on 15:29commentary

All attested forms of רָקַד

piel imperfect 3mp

יְרַקֵּדוּ, יְרַקְּדוּ

Job 21:11, Jol 2:5, Isa 13:21

hiphil consecutive-imperfect 3ms

וַיַּרְקִידֵ

Psa 29:6

piel participle f s absolute

מְרַקֵּדָה

Nam 3:2

piel participle m s absolute

מְרַקֵּד

1Ch 15:29

qal imperfect 2mp

תִּרְקְדוּ

Psa 114:6

qal infinitive-construct construct

רְקוֹד

Ecc 3:4

qal perfect 3cp

רָקְדוּ

Psa 114:4