StrongerBible

raz

רָז

AramaicH7328mystery, secret

Appears 9 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Dan 2:18Dan 2:19Dan 2:27Dan 2:28Dan 2:29Dan 2:30Dan 2:47 (2×)Dan 4:9(6)
Word studyRAHZnoun

What raz means

a secret: a hidden matter that no human skill can uncover and that God alone brings to light

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

Nearly every use of this word sits in one scene. In Daniel 2 King Nebuchadnezzar wakes from a disturbing dream and demands that his advisers tell him both what he dreamed and what it meant, without being told the dream first. Their answer is that no one on earth can do it. This word names exactly what they cannot reach: a matter shut away from human access, however skilled the person asked.

Daniel uses it two ways, and the two fit together. Usually it is the one secret at issue, spoken of as "this secret," meaning the king's dream and its meaning. He also widens it to hidden things in general and turns that into a description of God, the one "who reveals secrets," a title the king himself repeats once Daniel succeeds. Either way the word carries a claim about ownership: a secret is not a puzzle waiting for a clever solver, it is information somebody is holding, and only that somebody can release it.

The story keeps one order, and the word marks its first step:

  • A dream arrives that nobody at court can account for.
  • God shows the hidden matter to Daniel in a vision at night.
  • Daniel then gives the king the interpretation that unlocks it.

The last use, in Daniel 4, shows the effect. The king now assumes that no secret at all is too hard for Daniel, because he takes him to be a man the gods inform.

The word did not stay in Daniel. Later Jewish writers, above all the community behind the Dead Sea Scrolls, made it a standard term for God's hidden purposes, and the ancient Greek translation of Daniel rendered it with the very word the New Testament uses for the "mystery" now made public (μυστήριον). The nearest word in the Hebrew Bible is the one for a trusted inner circle and the plans shared inside it (סוֹד), which Amos uses in saying that the LORD does nothing without telling his servants the prophets.

Nuances

1athe one secret in view in the story: the king's dream and its meaning, held back from every human expert until God discloses it
Dan 2:18Dan 2:19Dan 2:27Dan 2:30Dan 2:47 (2×)
1bhidden things in general: the whole class of what lies past human reach, which God opens up and which the person he informs can then handle
Dan 2:28Dan 2:29Dan 2:47 (2×)Dan 4:9(6)

What scholars say about raz

All nine occurrences are confined to the Aramaic court narratives of Daniel: eight in chapter 2 and one at 4:9 (Aramaic 4:6). The lexicons are unanimous on the sense, HALOT, BDB's Aramaic section, and Vogt's lexicon of Biblical Aramaic all giving "secret, mystery," and the term is standardly explained as a loanword from Persian, one of the Persian court and administrative words that characterize Daniel's Aramaic. Commentators (Montgomery, Hartman and Di Lella, Goldingay, Collins, Newsom) place it within the chapter's revelation vocabulary, where this word is the concealed matter and pesher its interpretation, and note that Dan 2:28's "what will be in the latter days" gives the term an eschatological orientation. The word's later career is well documented: it becomes a technical term in the Qumran literature, above all in the recurring 4QInstruction phrase for the mystery that is coming to be, studied by Samuel Thomas and others. Raymond Brown's classic essays, consolidated by Bockmuehl and extended for Daniel specifically by Gladd, established that this Semitic usage rather than the Hellenistic mystery cults supplies the background of New Testament mysterion, which both the Old Greek and Theodotion already use to render this word throughout Daniel 2; Bornkamm's TDNT article treats the Daniel material as the decisive Jewish antecedent.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. רָז (Biblical Aramaic)lexicon
  • BDB, Biblical Aramaic section, s.v. רָזlexicon
  • Ernst Vogt, A Lexicon of Biblical Aramaic, trans. and rev. J. A. Fitzmyer (Rome: Gregorian and Biblical Press, 2011), s.v. רזlexicon
  • Günther Bornkamm, "μυστήριον, μυέω," TDNT IV (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1967), 802-828lexicon
  • James A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, ICC (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1927)commentary
  • Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Di Lella, The Book of Daniel, AB 23 (Garden City: Doubleday, 1978)commentary
  • John E. Goldingay, Daniel, WBC 30 (Dallas: Word, 1989)commentary
  • John J. Collins, Daniel, Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993)commentary
  • Carol A. Newsom, Daniel: A Commentary, OTL (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2014)commentary
  • Raymond E. Brown, The Semitic Background of the Term "Mystery" in the New Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968)monograph
  • Markus N. A. Bockmuehl, Revelation and Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Christianity, WUNT 2/36 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1990)monograph
  • Benjamin L. Gladd, Revealing the Mysterion: The Use of Mystery in Daniel and Second Temple Judaism with Its Bearing on First Corinthians, BZNW 160 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2008)monograph
  • Samuel I. Thomas, The "Mysteries" of Qumran: Mystery, Secrecy, and Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009)monograph

All attested forms of רָז

c s determined

רָזָה, רָזָא

Dan 2:18, Dan 2:19, Dan 2:27, Dan 2:47, Dan 2:30

m p absolute

רָזִין

Dan 2:28, Dan 2:47

c s absolute

רָז

Dan 4:9

m p determined

רָזַיָּא

Dan 2:29