StrongerBible

qiryah

קִרְיָה

AramaicH7149city, town

Appears 9 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Ezr 4:10Ezr 4:12Ezr 4:13Ezr 4:15 (3×)Ezr 4:16Ezr 4:19Ezr 4:21
Word studykeer-YAHnoun

What qiryah means

a city or town: a single walled settlement, the whole inhabited place rather than the region around it or the fort inside it

TranslatabilityDirectCertaintySettled

Every use of this word sits in one place: the letters in Ezra 4 that Persian officials and their king exchanged about whether Jerusalem could be rebuilt. It is the plain Aramaic word for a city, and what it names is something you could walk up to, with a wall that can be finished and foundations that can be repaired or left in ruins.

Because the setting is official correspondence, the word does administrative work. A city in these letters is a unit the empire keeps track of: it owes tribute, it sits inside a larger region, its past can be looked up in the royal records, and it can be ordered to stop building. That is why the officials keep writing "that city" instead of naming Jerusalem again. They are pointing at a case.

The letters then treat the place as though it had a character of its own, calling it rebellious and wicked and blaming it for damage done to kings. None of that comes from the word itself. Those are charges the accusers attach to it, and the one time the word names somewhere else, the city of Samaria in Ezra 4:10, it carries no such weight.

Two neighboring Aramaic words in these same chapters mark the edges of it: the far larger territory a city sits inside (מְדִינָה), and the guarded stronghold where the empire kept its archives (בִּירְתָא).

Ezr 4:10Ezr 4:12Ezr 4:13Ezr 4:15 (3×)Ezr 4:16Ezr 4:19Ezr 4:21

What scholars say about qiryah

Biblical Aramaic קִרְיָה is the standard Northwest Semitic noun for a settlement, cognate with Ugaritic qrt, Phoenician qrt (as in qrt-ḥdšt, Carthage), Moabite qryt, and Arabic qarya; Fronzaroli reconstructed a Proto-Semitic *qaryat- "settlement" on this evidence, where no comparable reconstruction supports Hebrew עִיר. The same noun appears in Hebrew as H7151, largely confined there to poetry and elevated speech with עִיר as the prose term, a distribution that has led a number of scholars to regard קִרְיָה as the older West Semitic word for a city, displaced in Hebrew prose by עִיר. Aramaic and later Syriac keep it as an ordinary word for a city alongside מְדִינְתָּא. All nine biblical Aramaic attestations fall within the Achaemenid chancery correspondence of Ezra 4:10-21, where the determined form קִרְיְתָא works almost as a fixed legal designation for Jerusalem ("that city"), and the absolute form in 4:15 heads the predicate "a rebellious city." The lexica record no disagreement about the sense.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler, Baumgartner, Stamm), Aramaic lexicon, s.v. קִרְיָהlexicon
  • BDB, Aramaic section, s.v. קִרְיָהlexicon
  • G. del Olmo Lete and J. Sanmartín, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition, 3rd ed., trans. W. G. E. Watson, HdO I/112 (Leiden: Brill, 2015), s.v. qrtlexicon
  • Pelio Fronzaroli, "Studi sul lessico comune semitico," Rendiconti dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 19-24 (1964-69)article
  • H. G. M. Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah, Word Biblical Commentary 16 (Waco: Word Books, 1985)commentary
  • Franz Rosenthal, A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, 7th ed. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006)monograph

All attested forms of קִרְיָה

f s determined

קִרְיְתָא

Ezr 4:12, Ezr 4:13, Ezr 4:15, Ezr 4:15, Ezr 4:16, Ezr 4:19, Ezr 4:21

f s absolute

קִרְיָא, קִרְיָה

Ezr 4:15, Ezr 4:10