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tsaphon

צָפוֹן

HebrewH6828north

Appears 153 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 13:14Gen 28:14Exo 26:20Exo 26:35Exo 27:11Exo 36:25Exo 38:11Exo 40:22Lev 1:11Num 2:25Num 3:35Num 34:7Num 34:9Num 35:5Deu 2:3Deu 3:27Jos 8:11Jos 8:13Jos 11:2Jos 13:3Jos 15:5Jos 15:6Jos 15:7Jos 15:8Jos 15:10Jos 15:11Jos 16:6Jos 17:9Jos 17:10 (2×)Jos 18:5Jos 18:12 (2×)Jos 18:16Jos 18:17Jos 18:18Jos 18:19 (2×)Jos 19:14Jos 19:27Jos 24:30Jdg 2:9Jdg 7:1Jdg 12:1Jdg 21:191Sa 14:51Ki 7:251Ch 26:17Job 26:7Job 37:22Psa 48:2(3)Psa 89:12(13)Psa 107:3
Root family
Names & words formed with this
Word studytsah-FOHNnoun

What tsaphon means

north: the northern direction, the northern quarter, and the lands that lie that way

TranslatabilityPartialCertaintySettled

At its core this word names one of the four points of the compass, the direction a person faces on their left hand when looking toward the sunrise. Most of its uses are simply geographic: a side of the tabernacle, a border running along the north edge of a tribe's land, a city or army positioned to the north.

From that plain direction the word grows two charged uses that share the same point on the compass. In the prophets the north becomes the quarter from which disaster marches on Israel and Judah, because the great empires came down that road; over and over the threatened or promised movement of peoples is reckoned from the north. And in the oldest poetry the far north names the towering, cloud wrapped mountain where the gods were imagined to gather, so that to reach for the heights of the north is to reach for a throne above God.

These are not different words but one direction seen from different angles: the map maker's north, the watchman's north, and the poet's north. The reader should let the surrounding verse decide which is in view, since the same word carries all three.

Nuances

1athe northern point of the compass, used to lay out borders, buildings, lands, and movement
TranslatabilityDirect
Gen 13:14Gen 28:14Exo 26:20Exo 26:35Exo 27:11Exo 40:22Lev 1:11Num 2:25Num 34:7Num 34:9Deu 3:27Jos 8:11
1bthe north as the quarter from which the destroying army and divine judgment come against Israel and the nations
Jer 1:13Jer 1:14Jer 1:15Jer 4:6Jer 6:1Jer 6:22Jer 10:22Jer 25:9Jer 46:6Jer 46:10Jer 46:20Jer 46:24
1cthe far north as the cosmic mountain of divine assembly, the heights above the heavens
Job 26:7Job 37:22Psa 48:2(3)Isa 14:13Ezk 1:4

What scholars say about tsaphon

The lexica treat the word as one noun meaning north, with the directional use as primary and two well attested extensions: the prophetic foe-from-the-north motif (heavily concentrated in Jeremiah and Ezekiel) and the mythopoetic far north, the mountain of the gods, which scholars connect with the Ugaritic Mount Zaphon (Sapanu), the dwelling of Baal. Psalm 48:2 and Isaiah 14:13 use this background, applying or polemicizing against it. The personal and place names Zephon and Zaphon share the same root.

Sources

  • HALOT, s.v. צָפוֹןlexicon
  • BDB, s.v. צָפוֹןlexicon
  • TDOT, vol. 12, s.v. צָפוֹןdictionary
  • DCH, vol. 7, s.v. צָפוֹןlexicon

All attested forms of צָפוֹן

f s absolute

צָּפוֹן, צָפוֹן, צָפוֹנָ, צָפֹנָ, צָּפוֹנָ, צָּפֹן

Jos 16:6, Jos 17:10, Jos 18:5, Jos 18:12, Jos 18:17, Jdg 7:1, 1Sa 14:5, Job 37:22

f s construct

צְּפוֹן, צְּפוֹנָ

Jos 8:11, Jos 8:13, Jos 11:2, Jos 15:6, Jos 17:9, Jos 19:14, Jos 24:30, Jdg 2:9

noun

צָפוֹנָ

Jdg 12:1