StrongerBible

tsa'aqah

צְעָקָה

HebrewH6818outcry, cry

Appears 21 times · tap a cell to see the verses

Gen 18:21Gen 19:13Gen 27:34Exo 3:7Exo 3:9Exo 11:6Exo 12:30Exo 22:23(22)1Sa 4:141Sa 9:16Neh 5:1Job 27:9Job 34:28 (2×)Psa 9:12(13)Isa 5:7Jer 25:36Jer 48:3Jer 48:5Jer 49:21Zep 1:10
Root family
Word studytsah-ah-KAHnoun

What tsa'aqah means

a loud outcry: the desperate, involuntary cry of a person in pain, terror, or under injustice, calling out to be heard and helped

TranslatabilityApproximateCertaintySettled

An outcry is a loud, involuntary cry forced out of a person by pain, terror, or wrong. It is not quiet weeping or shed tears (that is בְּכִי); it is a public shout, and it is always aimed at someone, a cry meant to reach a person who can step in and do something about it.

That gives the word two directions. Most often it is the cry of the wronged: the outcry of Sodom's victims, of Israel enslaved in Egypt, of the widow and orphan, of the poor cheated by their own neighbors. Scripture treats this cry almost as a legal appeal, and it carries a striking promise, that God himself hears it and comes down to rescue those who have no other help. The other direction is the raw wail of disaster: Esau's bitter cry over a lost blessing, the shriek that went up across Egypt the night the firstborn died, the panic of a city as judgment falls.

The prophets turned the word back on God's own people. In Isaiah's song of the vineyard, God looked for righteousness and found instead this outcry, the very sound Israel had once raised in Egypt now rising from inside her own gates against her. Its near-twin זְעָקָה is almost the same word for the same cry, so alike that the writers set the two side by side and even swap them within a single passage.

Nuances

1athe outcry of the wronged: a cry for help against injustice that rises to God (or a judge) as an appeal he is bound to answer
Gen 18:21Gen 19:13Exo 3:7Exo 3:9Exo 22:23(22)1Sa 9:16Neh 5:1Job 27:9Job 34:28 (2×)Psa 9:12(13)Isa 5:7
1ba cry of anguish or alarm at disaster: the loud wail of grief or terror when calamity strikes a person, a household, or a whole city
TranslatabilityDirect
Gen 27:34Exo 11:6Exo 12:301Sa 4:14Jer 25:36Jer 48:3Jer 48:5Jer 49:21Zep 1:10

What scholars say about tsa'aqah

Standard lexicography treats צעקה and its near-twin זעקה, along with the underlying verbs, as phonetic variants of a single lexical unit meaning "cry for help." Hasel (TDOT) identifies the basic sense as Hilferuf and stresses its juridical dimension: the outcry is an appeal to a superior (king, judge, or God) obligated to respond. Albertz (TLOT) reckons that roughly a third of occurrences denote the cry against injustice as a distinct speech-form, and sorts the uses into cries of distress, cries against injustice, and cries for rescue. Boyce's monograph locates the primary setting in the royal-juridical appeal, the petitioner at the palace gate, from which the theological use (crying to God) is derived. The relationship between the two roots is disputed: the lexica (HALOT, Gesenius18, BDB) treat them as side-forms of one root, while comparative work (Steiner, Huehnergard, Lipinski) argues from Arabic that Proto-Semitic *zʿq and *ṣʿq were originally distinct roots that converged in Hebrew, with צעק favored in older Pentateuchal narrative and זעק spreading through later texts under Aramaic influence. The Septuagint renders both nouns overwhelmingly with κραυγή.

Sources

  • HALOT (Koehler-Baumgartner), s.v. צעק, זעקlexicon
  • BDB (Brown-Driver-Briggs), s.v. צעק (858), זעק (277-78)lexicon
  • Gesenius: Hebraisches und aramaisches Handworterbuch, 18th ed., s.v. צעקlexicon
  • Gerhard F. Hasel, "zaʿaq / ṣaʿaq," in Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (TDOT) 4:112-122dictionary
  • Rainer Albertz, "ṣʿq to cry," in Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament (TLOT) 3:1088-1093dictionary
  • Richard Nelson Boyce, The Cry to God in the Old Testament, SBLDS 103 (1988)monograph
  • Patrick D. Miller, They Cried to the Lord: The Form and Theology of Biblical Prayer (1994)monograph
  • Joseph Blenkinsopp, Isaiah 1-39, Anchor Bible 19 (2000)commentary

All attested forms of צְעָקָה

f s absolute

צְעָקָה, צְּעָקָה

Gen 27:34, Exo 11:6, Exo 12:30, Isa 5:7, Jer 48:3, Jer 49:21, Zep 1:10, 1Sa 4:14

f s construct

צַעֲקַת

Exo 3:9, Neh 5:1, Job 34:28, Job 34:28, Psa 9:12, Jer 25:36, Jer 48:5

f s construct

צַעֲקָתוֹ

Exo 22:23, 1Sa 9:16, Job 27:9

f s construct

צַעֲקָתָם

Gen 19:13, Exo 3:7

f s construct

צַעֲקָתָהּ

Gen 18:21